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}

h3 {
  font-size: 1.5rem;
  font-size: clamp(1.25rem, 4vw, 1.5rem)
}

h4,
h5 {
  font-size: 1.25rem
}

body,
h5 {
  font-size: 1.125rem
}

*,
:after,
:before {
  box-sizing: inherit
}

.c-article-change-list__item>ins,
abbr[title] {
  text-decoration: none
}

dd {
  margin: 0
}

p {
  margin-top: 0;
  margin-bottom: 2rem;
  word-wrap: break-word;
  overflow-wrap: break-word;
  word-break: break-word
}

p:last-of-type {
  margin-bottom: 0
}

[contenteditable]:focus-visible,
[role=button]:focus-visible,
[role=menuitem]:focus-visible,
[role=tab]:focus-visible,
[tabindex="0"]:focus-visible,
button:focus-visible,
input:focus-visible,
select:focus-visible,
textarea:focus-visible {
  outline: 3px solid #08c;
  will-change: transform
}

a:focus-visible {
  will-change: transform
}

a.visited,
a:visited {
  color: #01324b
}

a.hover,
a:hover {
  color: #01324b;
  text-decoration-thickness: .25rem;
  text-underline-offset: .25rem
}

a.active,
a:active {
  color: #025e8d
}

a.focus,
a:focus-visible {
  outline: 4px solid #08c
}

table {
  font-size: 1rem;
  line-height: 1.8;
  border-collapse: collapse;
  border: 0;
  width: 100%;
  margin-bottom: 32px
}

td,
th {
  padding: 8px;
  vertical-align: top
}

th {
  text-align: left;
  border-bottom: 3px solid #01324b
}

td {
  font-family: "Merriweather Sans", "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;
  border-bottom: 2px solid #dadada
}

.eds-c-card {
  position: relative;
  text-decoration: none;
  display: flex;
  color: #222
}

.eds-c-card.eds-c-card--stretch-height {
  height: 100%
}

.eds-c-card:focus-visible {
  border-radius: 8px
}

.eds-c-card__container {
  font-size: .875rem;
  min-width: 0;
  position: relative;
  overflow: hidden;
  font-family: inherit;
  display: flex;
  justify-content: space-between;
  flex-direction: column-reverse;
  flex: 1
}

.eds-c-card__container img {
  width: 100%;
  height: inherit;
  -o-object-fit: cover;
  object-fit: cover
}

@supports (aspect-ratio:1/1) {
  .eds-c-card__container img {
    padding-bottom: 0;
    aspect-ratio: var(--eds-c-card--image-aspect-ratio, 16/9)
  }
}

.eds-c-card__container.eds-c-card__container--image,
.eds-c-card__container.eds-c-card__container--no-image {
  background-color: #f0f7fc;
  border-radius: 8px
}

.eds-c-card__container.eds-c-card__container--image:hover,
.eds-c-card__container.eds-c-card__container--no-image:hover {
  background-color: #c5e0f4
}

.eds-c-card__container.eds-c-card__container--icon {
  border-radius: 8px
}

.eds-c-card__container.eds-c-card__container--icon .eds-c-card__inner {
  display: flex;
  align-items: center;
  flex-direction: row;
  flex: 1 0 100%;
  gap: 16px;
  border: 1px solid #c5e0f4;
  border-radius: 8px
}

.eds-c-card__container.eds-c-card__container--icon .eds-c-card__icon-container {
  flex-shrink: 0;
  display: flex;
  justify-content: center;
  align-items: center;
  width: 64px;
  height: 64px;
  border-radius: 50%;
  background-color: #f0f7fc;
  padding: 16px;
  margin-right: 16px;
  color: #08c
}

.eds-c-card__container.eds-c-card__container--icon:hover {
  background-color: #c5e0f4
}

.eds-c-card__container.eds-c-card__container--icon:hover .eds-c-card__icon-container {
  background-color: #fff
}

.eds-c-card__container.eds-c-card__container--metadata {
  flex-direction: column;
  border-radius: 8px
}

.eds-c-card__container.eds-c-card__container--metadata .eds-c-card__inner {
  background-color: #f0f7fc
}

.eds-c-card__container.eds-c-card__container--metadata .eds-c-card__inner--white-bg {
  border-radius: 8px;
  background-color: #fff;
  border: 1px solid #c5e0f4
}

.eds-c-card__container.eds-c-card__container--metadata:hover .eds-c-card__inner {
  background-color: #c5e0f4
}

.eds-c-card__container.eds-c-card__container--metadata:hover .eds-c-card__metadata::before {
  border-top: 1px solid #fff
}

.eds-c-card__container.eds-c-card__container--highlight {
  border-top: 10px solid #08c
}

.eds-c-card__container.eds-c-card__container--highlight .eds-c-card__inner--white-bg {
  border-radius: unset;
  border-bottom-left-radius: 8px;
  border-bottom-right-radius: 8px;
  border-left: 1px solid #c5e0f4;
  border-right: 1px solid #c5e0f4;
  border-bottom: 1px solid #c5e0f4
}

.eds-c-card__body {
  display: flex;
  flex: 1 1 auto;
  word-break: break-word;
  font-size: .875rem;
  padding: 16px
}

.eds-c-card__content {
  font-weight: 400
}

.eds-c-card__label {
  margin-bottom: .5rem;
  font-weight: 700
}

.eds-c-card__title {
  font-size: 1.5rem;
  font-size: clamp(1.25rem, 4vw, 1.5rem);
  font-weight: 700;
  line-height: 1.2;
  margin-top: 0;
  margin-bottom: 8px;
  max-width: 650px
}

.eds-c-card__title>a {
  text-decoration: none;
  color: #222
}

.eds-c-card__title>a::before {
  content: "";
  position: absolute;
  top: 0;
  left: 0;
  bottom: 0;
  right: 0
}

.eds-c-card__title>a:visited {
  color: #222
}

.eds-c-card__title--small {
  font-size: 1.25rem;
  line-height: 1.2;
  font-weight: 700
}

[lang=de] .eds-c-card__title {
  -webkit-hyphens: auto;
  hyphens: auto
}

.eds-c-card__summary {
  line-height: 1.5;
  max-width: 650px
}

.eds-c-card__summary.eds-c-card__summary--truncate-text {
  display: -webkit-box;
  -webkit-line-clamp: 3;
  line-clamp: 3;
  -webkit-box-orient: vertical;
  overflow: hidden
}

.eds-c-card__image {
  flex: 0 0 auto;
  width: 100%;
  display: inline-block;
  overflow: hidden;
  margin: 0
}

.eds-c-card__icon {
  fill: #fff;
  width: 32px;
  height: 32px
}

.eds-c-card__metadata {
  padding: 0 16px 16px
}

.eds-c-card__metadata::before {
  content: "";
  display: block;
  border-top: 1px solid #c5e0f4
}

.eds-c-card__metadata .eds-c-card__metadata-list {
  list-style: none;
  margin: 0;
  padding: 16px 0 0
}

.c-list-group__item>a.c-list-group__link--bold,
.eds-c-card__metadata .eds-c-card__metadata-list-description {
  font-weight: 700
}

.eds-c-card__metadata .eds-c-card__metadata-list-description:not(:last-child) {
  margin-bottom: 16px
}

.eds-c-button {
  cursor: pointer;
  display: inline-block;
  margin: 0;
  position: relative;
  text-decoration: none;
  text-align: center;
  width: 100%;
  font-family: "Merriweather Sans", "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;
  font-size: 1rem;
  line-height: 1.5;
  padding: .5rem 1.5rem;
  transition: all .2s;
  border-radius: 32px;
  font-weight: 700
}

.eds-c-button span,
.eds-c-button svg {
  vertical-align: middle
}

.eds-c-button svg {
  width: 1.5rem;
  height: 1.5rem
}

.eds-c-button svg:first-child {
  margin-right: 8px
}

.eds-c-button svg:last-child {
  margin-left: 8px
}

@media only screen and (min-width:480px) {
  .eds-c-button {
    width: auto
  }
}

.eds-c-button--primary {
  color: #fff;
  background-color: #025e8d;
  background-image: none;
  border: 2px solid transparent;
  box-shadow: none;
  text-decoration: none
}

.eds-c-button--primary svg,
.eds-c-button--secondary svg,
.eds-c-button--tertiary svg {
  fill: currentColor
}

.eds-c-button--primary:visited {
  color: #fff
}

.eds-c-button--primary:hover {
  border: 2px solid #025e8d;
  box-shadow: none;
  text-decoration: none
}

.eds-c-button--primary:focus-visible {
  border: 2px solid transparent;
  box-shadow: inset 0 0 0 2px #025e8d;
  text-decoration: none;
  outline: 4px solid #08c
}

.eds-c-button--primary:active {
  border: 2px solid #01324b;
  box-shadow: none;
  text-decoration: none;
  color: #01324b;
  background-color: #fff
}

.eds-c-button--primary:focus-visible,
.eds-c-button--primary:hover {
  color: #025e8d;
  background-color: #fff;
  background-image: none
}

.eds-c-button--primary:focus-visible svg path,
.eds-c-button--primary:hover svg path {
  fill: #025e8d
}

.eds-c-button--secondary {
  color: #025e8d;
  background-color: #fff;
  background-image: none
}

.eds-c-button--secondary:visited {
  color: #025e8d
}

.eds-c-button--secondary,
.eds-c-button--secondary:hover {
  border: 2px solid #025e8d;
  box-shadow: none;
  text-decoration: none
}

.eds-c-button--secondary:focus-visible {
  border: 2px solid #fff;
  box-shadow: none;
  text-decoration: none;
  outline: 4px solid #08c
}

.eds-c-button--secondary:active {
  border: 2px solid #01324b;
  box-shadow: none;
  text-decoration: none;
  color: #fff;
  background-color: #01324b
}

.eds-c-button--secondary:focus-visible,
.eds-c-button--secondary:hover {
  color: #fff;
  background-color: #025e8d;
  background-image: none
}

.eds-c-button--secondary:focus-visible svg path,
.eds-c-button--secondary:hover svg path {
  fill: #fff
}

.eds-c-button--tertiary {
  color: #025e8d;
  background-color: #f0f7fc;
  background-image: none;
  text-decoration-thickness: .0625rem
}

.eds-c-button--tertiary span {
  vertical-align: baseline
}

.eds-c-button--tertiary:visited {
  color: #025e8d
}

.eds-c-button--tertiary,
.eds-c-button--tertiary:hover {
  border: 2px solid #f0f7fc;
  box-shadow: none;
  text-decoration: underline;
  text-underline-offset: .25rem
}

.eds-c-button--tertiary:hover {
  text-decoration-thickness: .25rem
}

.eds-c-button--tertiary:focus-visible {
  border: 2px solid #f0f7fc;
  box-shadow: none;
  text-decoration: underline;
  outline: 4px solid #08c
}

.eds-c-button--tertiary:active {
  border: 2px solid #f0f7fc;
  box-shadow: none;
  text-decoration: underline;
  color: #01324b;
  background-color: #f0f7fc
}

.eds-c-button--tertiary:focus-visible,
.eds-c-button--tertiary:hover {
  color: #025e8d;
  background-color: #f0f7fc;
  background-image: none
}

.eds-c-button--tertiary:focus-visible svg path,
.eds-c-button--tertiary:hover svg path {
  fill: #025e8d
}

.eds-c-button--small {
  font-size: .875rem;
  padding: .25rem 1rem
}

.eds-c-button--small svg {
  width: 1rem;
  height: 1rem
}

button.eds-c-button--small {
  position: relative
}

button.eds-c-button--small::after {
  content: "";
  position: absolute;
  top: 50%;
  left: 50%;
  width: 100%;
  min-height: 44px;
  transform: translate(-50%, -50%)
}

.eds-c-header {
  font-family: "Merriweather Sans", "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;
  background-color: #fff;
  padding: 8px 0 0;
  border-bottom: 2px solid #01324b;
  font-size: 1rem;
  line-height: 1.5
}

.eds-c-header__container {
  max-width: 1280px;
  margin: 0 auto 8px;
  padding: 0 8px;
  justify-content: space-between;
  position: relative;
  display: flex;
  align-items: center;
  flex-wrap: nowrap;
  gap: 8px 16px
}

.eds-c-header__nav {
  border-top: 2px solid #c5e0f4;
  padding-top: 4px;
  position: relative
}

.eds-c-header__nav-container {
  max-width: 1280px;
  padding: 0 8px;
  margin: 0 auto 4px;
  display: flex;
  align-items: center;
  flex-wrap: wrap;
  position: relative
}

.eds-c-header__nav-container>:not(:last-child) {
  margin-right: 32px
}

.eds-c-header__link-container {
  display: flex;
  align-items: center;
  flex: 1 0 auto;
  gap: 8px 16px;
  justify-content: space-between
}

.eds-c-header__list {
  list-style: none;
  margin: 0;
  padding: 0
}

.eds-c-header__list-item {
  margin: 0 auto;
  max-width: 1280px;
  font-weight: 700;
  padding: 8px
}

.eds-c-header__list-item:not(:last-child) {
  border-bottom: 2px solid #c5e0f4
}

.eds-c-header__item {
  color: inherit
}

@media only screen and (min-width:768px) {
  .eds-c-header__item--menu {
    display: none;
    visibility: hidden
  }

  .eds-c-header__item--menu:first-child+* {
    -webkit-margin-before: 0;
    margin-block-start: 0
  }
}

.eds-c-header__item--inline-links {
  display: none;
  visibility: hidden
}

.eds-c-header__item--inline-links:first-child+* {
  -webkit-margin-before: 0;
  margin-block-start: 0
}

@media only screen and (min-width:768px) {
  .eds-c-header__item--inline-links {
    display: flex;
    gap: 16px;
    visibility: visible
  }
}

.eds-c-header__item--divider:before {
  content: "";
  position: absolute;
  border-left: 2px solid #c5e0f4;
  height: calc(100% - 16px);
  top: 8px;
  margin-left: -15px
}

.eds-c-header__brand {
  padding: 16px 8px
}

.eds-c-header__brand a {
  display: block;
  line-height: 1;
  text-decoration: none
}

.eds-c-header__brand img {
  height: 1.5rem;
  width: auto
}

.eds-c-header__link {
  display: inline-block;
  padding: 16px 8px;
  color: inherit;
  font-weight: 700;
  -webkit-text-decoration-color: transparent;
  text-decoration-color: transparent;
  position: relative;
  word-break: normal;
  white-space: nowrap
}

.eds-c-header__link:visited {
  color: inherit
}

.eds-c-header__link:hover {
  color: inherit;
  -webkit-text-decoration-color: inherit;
  text-decoration-color: inherit
}

.eds-c-header__link:not(.eds-c-header__expander .eds-c-header__link):hover {
  -webkit-text-decoration-color: transparent;
  text-decoration-color: transparent
}

.eds-c-header__link:not(.eds-c-header__expander .eds-c-header__link):hover::after {
  content: "";
  background-color: #025e8d;
  width: 100%;
  height: 6px;
  border-radius: 4px;
  position: absolute;
  bottom: -4px;
  left: 0
}

.eds-c-header__link--static {
  flex: 0 0 auto
}

.eds-c-header__link.is-open {
  color: #025e8d
}

.eds-c-header__link.is-open::after {
  content: "";
  background-color: #025e8d;
  width: 100%;
  height: 6px;
  border-radius: 4px;
  position: absolute;
  bottom: -4px;
  left: 0
}

.eds-c-header__icon {
  fill: currentColor;
  transform: translate(0, 0);
  display: inline-block;
  width: 1em;
  height: 1em;
  vertical-align: bottom;
  font-size: 1.5rem
}

.eds-c-header__icon+* {
  margin-left: 8px
}

.eds-c-header__expander {
  background-color: #f0f7fc
}

.eds-c-header__search {
  display: block;
  padding: 24px 0
}

@media only screen and (min-width:768px) {
  .eds-c-header__search {
    max-width: 70%
  }
}

.eds-c-header__search-container {
  position: relative
}

.eds-c-header__search-label {
  display: inline-block;
  color: inherit;
  font-weight: 700;
  margin-bottom: 8px
}

.eds-c-header__search-input {
  border: 1px solid #000;
  width: 100%;
  padding: 8px 48px 8px 8px;
  background-color: #fff
}

.eds-c-header__search-button {
  background-color: transparent;
  border: 0;
  color: inherit;
  position: absolute;
  height: 100%;
  padding: 0 8px;
  right: 0
}

.has-tethered.eds-c-header__expander {
  margin-top: -2px;
  width: 100%;
  top: 100%;
  z-index: 10;
  left: 0;
  border-bottom: 2px solid #01324b
}

@media only screen and (min-width:768px) {
  .has-tethered.eds-c-header__expander--menu {
    display: none;
    visibility: hidden
  }

  .has-tethered.eds-c-header__expander--menu:first-child+* {
    -webkit-margin-before: 0;
    margin-block-start: 0
  }
}

.has-tethered.eds-c-header__expander--account {
  transform: translateY(8px);
  width: auto;
  left: auto;
  position: absolute;
  right: 0;
  bottom: auto;
  margin-top: 0
}

.has-tethered .eds-c-header__heading {
  display: none;
  visibility: hidden
}

.has-tethered .eds-c-header__heading:first-child+* {
  -webkit-margin-before: 0;
  margin-block-start: 0
}

.has-tethered .eds-c-header__search {
  margin: auto
}

.eds-c-header__heading {
  margin: 0 auto;
  max-width: 1280px;
  padding: 16px 16px 0
}

.eds-c-footer {
  font-size: 1rem;
  background-color: #01324b;
  font-family: "Merriweather Sans", "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;
  padding-top: 32px;
  padding-bottom: 32px;
  color: #fff;
  line-height: 1.4
}

.eds-c-footer__container {
  margin: 0 auto;
  max-width: 1280px;
  padding: 0 16px
}

@media print {
  .eds-c-footer__container {
    display: none
  }
}

.eds-c-footer__links {
  list-style: none;
  padding: 0;
  margin: 0 0 32px
}

.eds-c-footer__links li {
  display: inline-block
}

.eds-c-footer__links li:not(:last-child) {
  margin-right: 24px
}

.eds-c-footer__user {
  color: #fff;
  font-size: 1rem;
  margin-bottom: 24px
}

.eds-c-footer__user-info {
  margin-bottom: 16px;
  margin-top: 0;
  line-height: 1.4
}

.eds-c-footer__legal {
  color: #fff;
  font-size: 1rem;
  margin-top: 4px;
  margin-bottom: 0
}

.eds-c-footer__link {
  line-height: 1.4;
  color: inherit
}

.eds-c-footer__link.hover,
.eds-c-footer__link.visited,
.eds-c-footer__link:hover,
.eds-c-footer__link:visited {
  color: inherit
}

.eds-c-footer__link>img {
  vertical-align: middle
}

button.eds-c-footer__link {
  border: 0;
  background: 0 0;
  font-family: "Merriweather Sans", "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;
  font-size: inherit;
  padding: 0;
  text-align: left
}

.eds-c-footer__button-text {
  text-decoration: underline;
  -webkit-text-decoration-skip: ink;
  text-decoration-skip-ink: auto;
  text-decoration-thickness: .0625rem;
  text-underline-offset: .25rem;
  color: inherit
}

.eds-c-footer__button-text.hover,
.eds-c-footer__button-text:hover {
  text-decoration-thickness: .25rem;
  text-underline-offset: .25rem
}

.eds-c-footer__button-text.active,
.eds-c-footer__button-text:active {
  color: #025e8d
}

.eds-c-footer__button-text.focus,
.eds-c-footer__button-text:focus-visible {
  outline: 4px solid #08c
}

.eds-c-footer__button-text.hover,
.eds-c-footer__button-text.visited,
.eds-c-footer__button-text:hover,
.eds-c-footer__button-text:visited,
.eds-c-status-message__message a {
  color: inherit
}

.eds-c-footer__list {
  list-style: none;
  margin: 0;
  padding: 0
}

.eds-c-footer__grid {
  display: flex;
  flex-wrap: wrap
}

@supports (display:grid) {
  .eds-c-footer__grid {
    display: grid;
    grid-template-columns: repeat(auto-fit, minmax(250px, 1fr));
    grid-column-gap: 16px;
    grid-row-gap: 32px
  }
}

.eds-c-footer__group {
  flex: 1 1 50%;
  max-width: 50%;
  padding-right: 16px;
  margin-bottom: 16px
}

@media only screen and (min-width:1024px) {
  .eds-c-footer__group {
    flex-basis: 25%;
    max-width: 25%
  }
}

@supports (display:grid) {
  .eds-c-footer__group {
    padding-right: 0;
    max-width: none;
    margin-bottom: 0
  }
}

.eds-c-footer__group--separator {
  border-bottom: 2px solid #fff;
  margin-bottom: 32px;
  padding-bottom: 32px
}

.eds-c-footer__heading {
  color: #fff;
  margin-bottom: 16px;
  font-weight: 700;
  font-family: "Merriweather Sans", "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif
}

.eds-c-footer__item:not(:last-child) {
  margin-bottom: 16px
}

.eds-c-modal__close,
.eds-c-modal__trigger {
  display: none
}

.eds-c-modal__content {
  position: relative;
  background-color: #fff;
  padding: 24px;
  border: 1px solid #999;
  border-radius: 8px;
  box-shadow: 0 308px 86px 0 transparent, 0 197px 79px 0 rgba(1, 50, 75, .01), 0 111px 67px 0 rgba(1, 50, 75, .05), 0 49px 49px 0 rgba(1, 50, 75, .09), 0 12px 27px 0 rgba(1, 50, 75, .1);
  z-index: 2;
  width: 80%;
  max-width: 700px
}

.eds-c-modal__content .eds-c-modal__header {
  display: flex;
  justify-content: space-between;
  align-items: center;
  position: relative
}

.eds-c-modal__content .eds-c-modal__header .eds-c-modal__dismiss {
  position: absolute;
  width: 60px;
  height: 60px;
  top: 0;
  right: 0;
  background: 0 0;
  border: 0;
  cursor: pointer;
  color: #222;
  padding: 0
}

.eds-c-modal__content .eds-c-modal__header .eds-c-modal__dismiss .eds-c-button--secondary {
  border: transparent;
  color: #222;
  background: 0 0
}

.eds-c-modal__content .eds-c-modal__header .eds-c-modal__dismiss .eds-c-button svg:last-child {
  margin-left: 0
}

.eds-c-modal__content .eds-c-modal__header .eds-c-modal__title {
  margin-top: 24px;
  font-weight: 700
}

.eds-c-modal__content .eds-c-modal__body {
  margin-top: 32px;
  margin-bottom: 32px;
  font-size: 1rem
}

.eds-c-modal__content .eds-c-modal__footer {
  display: flex;
  justify-content: flex-end;
  gap: 16px
}

@media (max-width:768px) {
  .eds-c-modal__footer {
    flex-direction: column;
    align-items: stretch
  }
}

.js .eds-c-modal {
  display: none
}

.eds-c-pagination,
.js .eds-c-modal--open {
  display: flex;
  justify-content: center;
  align-items: center
}

.js .eds-c-modal--open {
  background-color: rgba(1, 50, 75, .5019607843);
  height: 100%;
  left: 0;
  overflow-y: scroll;
  position: fixed;
  top: 0;
  width: 100%
}

.js .eds-c-modal__trigger {
  display: unset
}

html.has-eds-c-modal {
  overflow: hidden
}

.eds-c-pagination {
  list-style: none;
  margin: 0;
  flex-wrap: wrap;
  font-family: "Merriweather Sans", "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;
  font-size: .875rem;
  padding: 32px 0;
  line-height: 1.4;
  gap: 16px 0
}

@media only screen and (min-width:480px) {
  .eds-c-pagination {
    padding: 32px 16px
  }
}

.eds-c-pagination__item {
  margin-right: 8px
}

.eds-c-pagination__item--prev {
  margin-right: 16px
}

.eds-c-pagination__item--next .eds-c-pagination__link,
.eds-c-pagination__item--prev .eds-c-pagination__link {
  padding: 16px 8px
}

.eds-c-pagination__item--next {
  margin-left: 8px
}

.eds-c-pagination__item:last-child {
  margin-right: 0
}

.eds-c-pagination__link {
  align-items: center;
  cursor: pointer;
  display: inline-block;
  font-size: 1rem;
  margin: 0;
  position: relative;
  padding: 16px 24px;
  text-align: center;
  transition: all .2s;
  color: #222
}

.eds-c-pagination__link:visited {
  color: #222
}

.eds-c-pagination__link--disabled {
  color: #555;
  border-color: #555;
  cursor: default
}

.eds-c-pagination__link--active {
  color: #fff;
  background-color: #01324b;
  background-image: none;
  border-radius: 8px
}

.eds-c-pagination__link--active:focus-visible,
.eds-c-pagination__link--active:hover,
.eds-c-pagination__link--active:visited {
  color: #fff
}

.eds-c-pagination__link-container {
  display: flex;
  align-items: center
}

.eds-c-pagination__icon {
  fill: #222;
  width: 1.5rem;
  height: 1.5rem
}

.eds-c-pagination__icon--disabled {
  fill: #555
}

.eds-c-pagination__visually-hidden {
  border: 0;
  clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0);
  -webkit-clip-path: inset(50%);
  clip-path: inset(50%);
  height: 1px;
  overflow: hidden;
  padding: 0;
  position: absolute !important;
  white-space: nowrap;
  width: 1px
}

.eds-c-status-message {
  display: flex;
  gap: .5rem;
  font-family: "Merriweather Sans", "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;
  font-size: 1rem;
  position: relative;
  box-sizing: border-box;
  border-radius: 8px;
  background-color: #fff;
  border: 1px solid #999;
  line-height: 1.4;
  padding: 16px 16px 12px
}

.eds-c-status-message :last-child {
  margin-bottom: 0
}

.eds-c-status-message__text {
  padding-right: 12px;
  margin-top: 2px
}

.eds-c-status-message__text h5 {
  margin-top: 0
}

.eds-c-status-message__icon {
  fill: currentColor;
  transform: translate(0, 0);
  display: inline-block;
  vertical-align: text-top;
  width: 24px;
  height: 24px;
  flex: 0 0 auto;
  margin-right: 8px
}

.eds-c-status-message__icon--top {
  align-self: flex-start
}

.eds-c-status-message__dismiss-button {
  position: absolute;
  border: 0;
  background: 0 0;
  right: 8px;
  cursor: pointer
}

.eds-c-status-message__dismiss-icon {
  fill: currentColor;
  transform: translate(0, 0);
  display: inline-block;
  vertical-align: text-top;
  width: 24px;
  height: 24px;
  color: #555
}

.eds-c-status-message__title {
  font-weight: 700;
  margin-bottom: 8px
}

.eds-c-status-message--info .eds-c-status-message__icon {
  color: #0070a8
}

.eds-c-status-message--info {
  border-bottom: 4px solid #0070a8
}

.eds-c-status-message--error .eds-c-status-message__icon {
  color: #be1818
}

.eds-c-status-message--error {
  border-bottom: 4px solid #be1818
}

.eds-c-status-message--success .eds-c-status-message__icon {
  color: #00a69d
}

.eds-c-status-message--success {
  border-bottom: 4px solid #00a69d
}

.eds-c-status-message--warning .eds-c-status-message__icon {
  color: #f58220
}

.eds-c-status-message--warning {
  border-bottom: 4px solid #f58220
}

.eds-c-form {
  font-size: 1rem;
  line-height: 1.2
}

.eds-c-form small {
  font-size: inherit
}

.eds-c-form__field {
  max-width: 70ch
}

.eds-c-form__input {
  box-sizing: border-box;
  border: 1px solid #666;
  border-radius: 4px;
  color: #000;
  width: 100%;
  padding: .5rem 1rem;
  background-color: #fff;
  font-weight: 400;
  line-height: 1.8
}

.app-feedback .eds-c-radio>input:focus-visible+.eds-c-radio__label::before,
.eds-c-form__input:focus-visible {
  outline: 3px solid #08c
}

.eds-c-form__input[invalid] {
  border-color: #be1818;
  border-width: 2px
}

.eds-c-form__input[disabled] {
  cursor: not-allowed;
  border-color: #dadada
}

.eds-c-form__inline-fields * {
  margin: 0
}

.eds-c-form__inline-fields {
  display: flex;
  flex-wrap: wrap;
  align-items: flex-end;
  gap: var(--form-inline-gap, 0.5rem)
}

.eds-c-form__inline-fields--nowrap {
  flex-wrap: nowrap
}

.eds-c-form__icon-error svg {
  height: 1.5rem;
  width: 1.5rem;
  vertical-align: calc(.5rem/8*-2);
  overflow: visible;
  pointer-events: none
}

.eds-c-form__disclosure-box {
  margin-left: calc(1.5rem/4);
  padding: .5rem 0 .5rem 1.5rem;
  position: relative;
  display: none
}

.eds-c-form__disclosure-box::before {
  content: "";
  position: absolute;
  top: 0;
  bottom: 0;
  left: 0;
  width: calc(1.5rem/2);
  background-color: #dadada;
  border-radius: 4px
}

:checked~.eds-c-form__disclosure-box {
  display: block
}

.eds-c-form__buttons-stack {
  display: flex;
  flex-direction: column;
  align-items: flex-start;
  gap: 1rem
}

.eds-c-form__buttons-stack--full-width {
  align-items: normal
}

.eds-c-fieldset {
  padding: 0;
  border: 0
}

.eds-c-fieldset__legend {
  font-size: 2rem;
  font-weight: 700;
  margin-bottom: .5rem
}

.eds-c-radio .eds-c-form__disclosure-box {
  margin-bottom: 16px
}

.eds-c-radio__label {
  display: flex;
  align-items: center;
  font-weight: 400;
  padding: .5rem 0;
  margin: 0
}

.eds-c-radio__label::before {
  border-radius: 50%;
  content: "";
  flex-shrink: 0;
  width: 2rem;
  height: 2rem;
  background-color: #fff;
  border: 2px solid #666;
  margin-right: .5rem;
  display: block
}

:checked+.eds-c-radio__label::before {
  background-color: #01324b;
  box-shadow: 0 0 0 6px #fff inset;
  border-color: #01324b
}

:checked:focus-visible+.eds-c-radio__label::before {
  outline: 3px solid #08c
}

:not(:checked):not(:focus-visible)+.eds-c-radio__label::before {
  outline: 0
}

.eds-c-radio__label--small {
  min-height: 44px
}

.eds-c-radio__label--small::before {
  width: 1.5rem;
  height: 1.5rem
}

.eds-c-error-message {
  color: #be1818;
  display: flex;
  align-items: flex-start;
  margin-bottom: .5rem;
  line-height: 1.5
}

.c-breadcrumbs {
  list-style: none;
  margin: 0;
  padding: 0;
  font-size: 1rem;
  font-size: min(max(.875rem, 2vw), 1rem);
  font-family: "Merriweather Sans", "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;
  color: #333
}

.app-author-list>li,
.c-breadcrumbs>li {
  display: inline
}

.c-breadcrumbs__link.hover,
.c-breadcrumbs__link.visited {
  color: #025e8d
}

svg.c-breadcrumbs__chevron {
  margin: 0 .25rem;
  fill: #333;
  width: 10px;
  height: 10px
}

.c-breadcrumbs--contrast,
.c-breadcrumbs--contrast .c-breadcrumbs__link,
.c-breadcrumbs--contrast .c-breadcrumbs__link.hover,
.c-breadcrumbs--contrast .c-breadcrumbs__link.visited,
.c-breadcrumbs--contrast .c-breadcrumbs__link:hover,
.c-breadcrumbs--contrast .c-breadcrumbs__link:visited {
  color: #fff
}

.c-breadcrumbs--contrast svg.c-breadcrumbs__chevron {
  fill: #fff
}

@media only screen and (max-width:479px) {
  .c-breadcrumbs .c-breadcrumbs__item {
    display: none
  }

  .c-breadcrumbs .c-breadcrumbs__item:nth-last-child(1),
  .c-breadcrumbs .c-breadcrumbs__item:nth-last-child(2) {
    display: inline
  }
}

.eds-c-header__flex-group {
  display: flex
}

.eds-c-header__item--show-on-desktop {
  display: none;
  visibility: hidden
}

@media only screen and (min-width:900px) {
  .eds-c-header__item--show-on-desktop {
    display: block;
    visibility: visible
  }
}

.eds-c-modal__dismiss svg {
  fill: currentColor;
  transform: translate(0, 0);
  display: inline-block;
  vertical-align: text-top;
  width: 24px;
  height: 24px
}

.js .eds-c-modal--open {
  z-index: 1010
}

.eds-c-modal__footer>a>span {
  width: 100%
}

@media only screen and (min-width:1024px) {
  .eds-c-modal__footer>a>span {
    width: auto
  }
}

.c-header {
  font-family: "Merriweather Sans", "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;
  font-size: 1rem;
  line-height: 1.4;
  background-color: #fff;
  padding: 8px 0 0;
  border-bottom: 2px solid #01324b;
  font-size: 16px
}

.c-header__container {
  max-width: 1280px;
  margin: 0 auto 8px;
  padding: 0 8px;
  justify-content: space-between;
  position: relative;
  display: flex;
  align-items: center;
  flex-wrap: nowrap;
  gap: 8px 16px
}

.c-header__nav {
  border-top: 2px solid #cedbe0;
  padding-top: 4px;
  position: relative
}

.c-header__nav-container {
  max-width: 1280px;
  padding: 0 8px;
  margin: 0 auto 4px;
  display: flex;
  align-items: center;
  flex-wrap: wrap;
  position: relative
}

.c-header__nav-container>:not(:last-child) {
  margin-right: 32px
}

.c-header__link-container {
  display: flex;
  align-items: center;
  flex: 1 0 auto;
  gap: 8px 16px;
  justify-content: space-between
}

.c-header__list {
  list-style: none;
  margin: 0;
  padding: 0
}

.c-header__list-item {
  margin: 0 auto;
  max-width: 1280px;
  font-weight: 700;
  padding: 8px
}

.c-header__list-item:not(:last-child) {
  border-bottom: 2px solid #cedbe0
}

.c-header__item {
  color: inherit
}

@media only screen and (min-width:768px) {
  .c-header__item--menu {
    display: none;
    visibility: hidden
  }

  .c-header__item--menu:first-child+* {
    -webkit-margin-before: 0;
    margin-block-start: 0
  }
}

.c-header__item--inline-links {
  display: none;
  visibility: hidden
}

.c-header__item--inline-links:first-child+* {
  -webkit-margin-before: 0;
  margin-block-start: 0
}

@media only screen and (min-width:768px) {
  .c-header__item--inline-links {
    display: flex;
    gap: 16px;
    visibility: visible
  }
}

.c-header__item--divider:before {
  content: "";
  position: absolute;
  border-left: 2px solid #cedbe0;
  height: calc(100% - 16px);
  top: 8px;
  margin-left: -15px
}

.c-header__brand a {
  display: block;
  line-height: 1;
  padding: 16px 8px;
  text-decoration: none
}

.c-header__brand img {
  height: 24px;
  width: auto
}

.c-header__link {
  display: inline-block;
  padding: 16px 8px;
  color: inherit;
  font-weight: 700;
  -webkit-text-decoration-color: transparent;
  text-decoration-color: transparent;
  position: relative;
  word-break: normal;
  white-space: nowrap
}

.c-header__link:visited {
  color: inherit
}

.c-header__link:hover {
  color: inherit;
  -webkit-text-decoration-color: inherit;
  text-decoration-color: inherit
}

.c-header__link--static {
  flex: 0 0 auto
}

.c-header__link.is-open {
  color: #025e8d
}

.c-header__link.is-open::after {
  content: "";
  background-color: #025e8d;
  width: 100%;
  height: 6px;
  border-radius: 4px;
  position: absolute;
  bottom: -4px;
  left: 0
}

.c-header__icon {
  fill: currentColor;
  transform: translate(0, 0);
  display: inline-block;
  width: 1em;
  height: 1em;
  vertical-align: bottom;
  font-size: 24px
}

.c-header__icon+* {
  margin-left: 8px
}

.c-header__expander {
  background-color: #ebf1f5
}

.c-header__search {
  padding: 24px 0
}

@media only screen and (min-width:768px) {
  .c-header__search {
    max-width: 70%
  }
}

.c-header__search-container {
  position: relative
}

.c-header__search-label {
  display: inline-block;
  color: inherit;
  font-weight: 700;
  margin-bottom: 8px
}

.c-header__search-input {
  border: 1px solid #000;
  width: 100%;
  padding: 8px 48px 8px 8px;
  background-color: #fff
}

.c-header__search-button {
  background-color: transparent;
  border: 0;
  color: inherit;
  position: absolute;
  height: 100%;
  padding: 0 8px;
  right: 0
}

.has-tethered.c-header__expander {
  margin-top: -2px;
  width: 100%;
  top: 100%;
  z-index: 10;
  left: 0;
  border-bottom: 2px solid #01324b
}

@media only screen and (min-width:768px) {
  .has-tethered.c-header__expander--menu {
    display: none;
    visibility: hidden
  }

  .has-tethered.c-header__expander--menu:first-child+* {
    -webkit-margin-before: 0;
    margin-block-start: 0
  }
}

.has-tethered.c-header__expander--account {
  transform: translateY(8px);
  width: auto;
  left: auto;
  position: absolute;
  right: 0;
  bottom: auto;
  margin-top: 0
}

.has-tethered .c-header__heading {
  display: none;
  visibility: hidden
}

.has-tethered .c-header__heading:first-child+* {
  -webkit-margin-before: 0;
  margin-block-start: 0
}

.has-tethered .c-header__search {
  margin: auto
}

.c-header__heading {
  margin: 0 auto;
  max-width: 1280px;
  padding: 16px 16px 0
}

.eds-l-with-sidebar {
  display: flex;
  flex-wrap: wrap
}

.eds-l-with-sidebar>* {
  margin: 0
}

.eds-l-with-sidebar__sidebar {
  flex-grow: 1;
  flex-basis: 400px;
  min-width: var(--eds-l-with-sidebar--min-width, 400px);
  flex-basis: var(--eds-l-with-sidebar--basis, 400px)
}

.eds-l-with-sidebar>:not(.eds-l-with-sidebar__sidebar) {
  flex-basis: 0;
  flex-grow: 999;
  min-width: 50%;
  min-width: var(--eds-l-with-sidebar--min, 50%)
}

.eds-l-with-sidebar>:first-child {
  padding-right: 4rem
}

@supports (gap:1em) {
  .eds-l-with-sidebar>:first-child {
    padding-right: 0
  }

  .eds-l-with-sidebar {
    gap: var(--eds-l-with-sidebar--gap, 4rem)
  }
}

.c-list-description,
.c-list-header {
  font-family: "Merriweather Sans", "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif
}

.c-list-header {
  display: flex;
  justify-content: space-between;
  margin-bottom: 16px;
  border-bottom: 2px solid #999;
  padding-bottom: 4px;
  font-size: .875rem
}

.c-list-description {
  font-size: 1rem;
  line-height: 1.8;
  margin-bottom: 0;
  width: 100%
}

.c-list-description__item {
  margin-bottom: 16px
}

.c-list-description__details p:last-child,
.c-list-description__item:last-child {
  margin-bottom: 0
}

.c-list-description__term {
  font-weight: 700;
  margin-bottom: 0
}

.c-list-description__details {
  display: block
}

.c-list-description__details p {
  display: block;
  margin-bottom: 0
}

.c-list-columned {
  -moz-column-gap: 24px;
  column-gap: 24px
}

@media only screen and (min-width:768px) {
  .c-list-columned {
    -moz-column-count: 2;
    column-count: 2
  }
}

@media only screen and (min-width:876px) {
  .c-list-columned {
    -moz-column-count: 3;
    column-count: 3
  }
}

.c-list-group {
  list-style: none;
  margin: 0;
  padding: 0;
  line-height: 1.4
}

.c-list-group--xs .c-list-group__item {
  padding: 4px 0
}

.c-list-group--sm .c-list-group__item {
  padding: 8px 0
}

.c-list-group--md .c-list-group__item {
  padding: 16px 0
}

.c-list-group--lg .c-list-group__item {
  padding: 24px 0
}

.c-list-group--bordered .c-list-group__item:not(:last-child) {
  border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc
}

.c-list-group--flush .c-list-group__item:first-child {
  padding-top: 0
}

.c-list-group--flush .c-list-group__item:last-child {
  padding-bottom: 0
}

.c-list-bullets ul:not(.c-list-bullets--hide) {
  list-style-type: none;
  list-style-position: initial;
  padding: 0
}

.c-list-bullets ul:not(.c-list-bullets--hide, .c-list-bullets--no-ul-margin) {
  margin-bottom: 48px
}

.c-list-bullets ul:not(.c-list-bullets--hide):has(+.u-mt-24) {
  margin-bottom: 0
}

.c-list-bullets ul:not(.c-list-bullets--hide) li {
  position: relative;
  padding-left: 24px;
  line-height: 1.8;
  margin-bottom: .5em
}

.c-list-bullets ul:not(.c-list-bullets--hide) li>ul {
  margin-top: .5em;
  margin-bottom: 0
}

.c-list-bullets--no-spacing ul:not(.c-list-bullets--hide),
.c-list-bullets--no-spacing ul:not(.c-list-bullets--hide) li {
  margin-bottom: 0
}

.c-list-bullets--no-spacing ul:not(.c-list-bullets--hide) li>ul {
  margin-top: 0
}

.c-list-bullets ul:not(.c-list-bullets--hide) li::before {
  position: absolute;
  content: "";
  left: 0;
  top: calc(.9em - 5px);
  background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg viewBox='0 0 100 100' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='%233a9bd6'%3E%3Ccircle cx='50' cy='50' r='50'/%3E%3C/svg%3E");
  width: 10px;
  height: 10px
}

.c-list-bullets--white ul:not(.c-list-bullets--hide) li::before {
  background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg viewBox='0 0 100 100' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='%23fff'%3E%3Ccircle cx='50' cy='50' r='50'/%3E%3C/svg%3E")
}

.c-list-bullets ul:not(.c-list-bullets--hide) li>ul>li:before {
  background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 100 100'%3E%3Ccircle cx='49.4' cy='49.4' r='44.4' stroke='%233a9bd6' stroke-width='10' fill='none'/%3E%3C/svg%3E")
}

.c-list-bullets--white ul:not(.c-list-bullets--hide) li>ul>li:before {
  background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 100 100'%3E%3Ccircle cx='49.4' cy='49.4' r='44.4' stroke='%23fff' stroke-width='10' fill='none'/%3E%3C/svg%3E")
}

.c-list-bullets ul:not(.c-list-bullets--hide) li ol {
  margin: 1em 0 16px;
  -webkit-padding-start: 1em;
  padding-inline-start: 1em
}

.c-list-bullets ul:not(.c-list-bullets--hide) li ol li {
  padding-left: .5em
}

.c-list-bullets ul:not(.c-list-bullets--hide) li ol li:before {
  display: none
}

@media only screen and (min-width:1024px) {
  .c-list-bullets ul:not(.c-list-bullets--hide) li ol {
    -webkit-padding-start: 2em;
    padding-inline-start: 2em
  }
}

.c-meta {
  list-style: none;
  margin: 0;
  padding: 0;
  display: flex;
  flex-wrap: wrap;
  align-items: center;
  font-family: "Merriweather Sans", "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;
  font-size: .875rem;
  color: #000;
  line-height: 1.5
}

.c-meta--large {
  font-size: 1.25rem
}

.c-meta--large .c-meta__item {
  margin-bottom: 20px
}

.c-meta__item:not(:last-child) {
  border-right: 2px solid #999;
  padding-right: 8px;
  margin-right: 8px;
  line-height: 1;
  border-color: #c5e0f4
}

.c-meta__item--spacing:not(:last-child) {
  margin-bottom: 4px
}

@media only screen and (max-width:767px) {
  .c-meta__item--block-sm-max {
    display: block
  }

  .c-meta__item--block-sm-max:not(:last-child) {
    border-right: none;
    margin-right: 0;
    padding-right: 0
  }
}

@media only screen and (min-width:1024px) {
  .c-meta__item--block-at-lg {
    display: block
  }

  .c-meta__item--block-at-lg:not(:last-child) {
    border-right: none;
    margin-right: 0;
    padding-right: 0
  }
}

.c-meta__type {
  text-transform: none;
  font-weight: 700
}

.c-meta__link {
  color: #000;
  text-decoration: underline
}

.c-meta__link:visited,
.c-status-message a {
  color: #000
}

.c-skip-link,
.js .c-popup {
  font-family: "Merriweather Sans", "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;
  position: absolute
}

.js .c-popup {
  z-index: 100;
  padding: 16px;
  border: 1px solid #222;
  box-shadow: 0 0 5px 0 rgba(128, 128, 128, .1);
  width: auto;
  border-radius: 2px;
  background-color: #fff
}

.js .c-popup__close {
  position: absolute;
  display: block;
  top: 16px;
  right: 16px;
  height: 16px;
  background: url("data:image/svg+xml,%0A%3Csvg height='16' viewBox='0 0 16 16' width='16' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%3E%3Cpath d='m2.29679575 12.2772478c-.39658757.3965876-.39438847 1.0328109-.00062148 1.4265779.39651227.3965123 1.03246768.3934888 1.42657791-.0006214l4.27724782-4.27724787 4.2772478 4.27724787c.3965876.3965875 1.0328109.3943884 1.4265779.0006214.3965123-.3965122.3934888-1.0324677-.0006214-1.4265779l-4.27724787-4.2772478 4.27724787-4.27724782c.3965875-.39658757.3943884-1.03281091.0006214-1.42657791-.3965122-.39651226-1.0324677-.39348875-1.4265779.00062148l-4.2772478 4.27724782-4.27724782-4.27724782c-.39658757-.39658757-1.03281091-.39438847-1.42657791-.00062148-.39651226.39651227-.39348875 1.03246768.00062148 1.42657791l4.27724782 4.27724782z' fill='%23666' fill-rule='evenodd'/%3E%3C/svg%3E")no-repeat;
  border: 0;
  padding-right: 16px
}

.js .c-popup__close-text {
  border: 0;
  clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0);
  -webkit-clip-path: inset(50%);
  clip-path: inset(50%);
  height: 1px;
  overflow: hidden;
  padding: 0;
  position: absolute !important;
  white-space: nowrap;
  width: 1px
}

.js .c-popup__arrow {
  content: "";
  position: absolute;
  width: 20px;
  height: 20px;
  background-color: #fff;
  border-top: 1px solid #222;
  border-left: 1px solid #222
}

.js .c-popup__arrow--above {
  bottom: -11px;
  transform: rotate(225deg)
}

.js .c-popup__arrow--below {
  top: -11px;
  transform: rotate(45deg)
}

.c-skip-link {
  background: #01324b;
  color: #fff;
  font-size: 1rem;
  text-align: center;
  padding: 8px;
  width: 100%;
  inset: 0;
  bottom: auto;
  z-index: 9999;
  transform: translateY(-100%)
}

@media (prefers-reduced-motion:reduce) {
  .c-skip-link {
    transition: top .3s ease-in-out
  }
}

@media print {
  .c-skip-link {
    display: none
  }
}

.c-skip-link:active,
.c-skip-link:hover,
.c-skip-link:link,
.c-skip-link:visited {
  color: #fff
}

.c-skip-link:focus {
  transform: translateY(0)
}

.c-status-message {
  display: block;
  font-size: clamp(.875rem, 4vw, 1rem);
  font-weight: 400
}

.c-article-editorial-summary__container .c-article-editorial-summary__content p:last-child {
  margin-bottom: 0
}

.c-status-message--flex {
  display: flex
}

.c-status-message--bold {
  font-weight: 700
}

.c-status-message--boxed {
  box-shadow: 0 0 5px 0 rgba(51, 51, 51, .1);
  overflow: hidden
}

.c-status-message--banner {
  background-color: #fff;
  line-height: 1.4;
  padding: 16px 0;
  justify-content: center
}

.c-status-message--banner .c-status-message__container {
  justify-content: center;
  padding: 0 16px
}

.c-status-message--sticky {
  position: -webkit-sticky;
  position: sticky;
  top: 0;
  z-index: 999
}

.c-status-message__container {
  display: flex;
  justify-content: flex-start;
  align-items: center
}

.c-status-message__container--centered {
  width: 100%
}

.c-status-message__icon {
  flex-shrink: 0;
  align-self: flex-start
}

.c-status-message__message :first-child,
.c-status-message__message :last-child {
  margin-top: 0
}

.c-status-message--banner.c-status-message--info {
  border-bottom: 4px solid #0070a8
}

.c-status-message--boxed.c-status-message--info .c-status-message__bottom-border {
  content: "";
  position: absolute;
  bottom: 0;
  left: 0;
  background: #0070a8;
  height: 4px;
  width: 100%
}

.c-status-message--info .c-status-message__icon {
  fill: #0070a8
}

.c-status-message--banner.c-status-message--error {
  border-bottom: 4px solid #be1818
}

.c-status-message--boxed.c-status-message--error .c-status-message__bottom-border {
  content: "";
  position: absolute;
  bottom: 0;
  left: 0;
  background: #be1818;
  height: 4px;
  width: 100%
}

.c-status-message--error .c-status-message__icon {
  fill: #be1818
}

.c-status-message--banner.c-status-message--success {
  border-bottom: 4px solid #00a69d
}

.c-status-message--boxed.c-status-message--success .c-status-message__bottom-border {
  content: "";
  position: absolute;
  bottom: 0;
  left: 0;
  background: #00a69d;
  height: 4px;
  width: 100%
}

.c-status-message--success .c-status-message__icon {
  fill: #00a69d
}

.c-status-message--banner.c-status-message--warning {
  border-bottom: 4px solid #f58220
}

.c-status-message--boxed.c-status-message--warning .c-status-message__bottom-border {
  content: "";
  position: absolute;
  bottom: 0;
  left: 0;
  background: #f58220;
  height: 4px;
  width: 100%
}

.c-status-message--warning .c-status-message__icon {
  fill: #f58220
}

:root {
  --header-height: 58px
}

main [id] {
  scroll-margin-top: calc(var(--header-height) + 1rem + env(safe-area-inset-top, 0))
}

.c-ad {
  text-align: center
}

@media only screen and (min-width:480px) {
  .c-ad {
    padding: 8px
  }
}

.c-ad--728x90,
.c-ad--970x90 {
  display: none
}

.c-ad--728x90 .c-ad__inner,
.c-ad--970x90 .c-ad__inner {
  min-height: calc(1.5em + 4px + 90px)
}

.c-ad--728x90 iframe,
.c-ad--970x90 iframe {
  max-width: 970px;
  height: 90px
}

@media only screen and (min-width:876px) {
  .js .c-ad--728x90 {
    display: none
  }

  .js .u-show-following-ad+.c-ad--728x90 {
    display: block
  }
}

.c-ad--160x600 {
  text-align: left
}

.c-ad--160x600 iframe {
  width: 160px;
  height: 600px
}

@media only screen and (min-width:876px) {
  .js .c-ad--160x600 {
    display: block
  }
}

.c-ad--160x600,
.c-ad--300x250 {
  display: none;
  padding: 0
}

.c-ad--300x250 iframe {
  width: 300px;
  height: 250px
}

.c-ad--300x250 .c-ad__inner {
  min-height: calc(1.5em + 4px + 250px)
}

@media only screen and (min-width:480px) {
  .js .c-ad--300x250 {
    display: block
  }
}

.c-ad iframe {
  border: 0;
  overflow: auto;
  vertical-align: top
}

.app-author-list,
.c-ad__label {
  font-family: "Merriweather Sans", "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;
  line-height: 1.5
}

.c-ad__label {
  font-size: .875rem;
  font-weight: 400;
  margin-bottom: 4px;
  color: #333
}

.app-author-list {
  font-size: 1rem;
  color: #222;
  list-style: none;
  margin: 0;
  padding: 0
}

.app-author-list>li:not(:first-child):not(:last-child)::before {
  content: ", "
}

.app-author-list>li:not(:only-child):last-child::before {
  content: " & "
}

.app-author-list--compact {
  line-height: 1.4;
  font-size: .875rem
}

.app-author-list--truncated>li:not(:only-child):last-child::before {
  content: " ... "
}

.js .app-author-list {
  display: inline
}

.js .app-author-list__hide {
  display: none;
  visibility: hidden
}

.js .app-author-list__hide:first-child+* {
  -webkit-margin-before: 0;
  margin-block-start: 0
}

.c-article-header {
  font-family: "Merriweather Sans", "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif
}

.c-article-identifiers {
  list-style: none;
  font-size: 1rem;
  line-height: 1.3;
  display: flex;
  flex-wrap: wrap;
  color: #6f6f6f;
  padding: 0
}

.c-article-identifiers__item {
  margin-right: 8px;
  padding-right: 8px;
  list-style: none
}

.c-article-identifiers__item:last-child {
  margin-right: 0;
  padding-right: 0
}

@media only screen and (min-width:876px) {
  .c-article-title {
    font-size: 1.875rem;
    line-height: 1.2
  }
}

.c-article-title__super {
  font-size: 1rem
}

.c-article-author-list {
  width: 100%;
  margin: 0 8px 0 0;
  padding: 0;
  display: inline;
  list-style: none;
  font-size: 1rem
}

.c-article-author-list__item {
  display: inline;
  padding-right: 0
}

.c-article-author-list__show-more {
  display: none;
  margin-right: 4px
}

.c-article-author-list__button,
.js .c-article-author-list__item--hide,
.js .c-article-author-list__show-more {
  display: none
}

.js .c-article-author-list--long .c-article-author-list__show-more,
.js .c-article-author-list--long+.c-article-author-list__button {
  display: inline
}

@media only screen and (max-width:767px) {
  .js .c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen {
    display: none
  }

  .js .c-article-author-list--short .c-article-author-list__show-more,
  .js .c-article-author-list--short+.c-article-author-list__button {
    display: inline
  }
}

#uptodate-client,
.js .c-article-author-list--expanded .c-article-author-list__show-more {
  display: none !important
}

.js .c-article-author-list--expanded .c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen {
  display: inline !important
}

.c-article-author-list__button,
.c-button-author-list {
  background: #ebf1f5;
  border: 4px solid #ebf1f5;
  border-radius: 20px;
  color: #666;
  font-size: .875rem;
  line-height: 1.4;
  padding: 2px 11px 2px 8px;
  text-decoration: none
}

.c-article-author-list__button svg,
.c-button-author-list svg {
  margin: 1px 4px 0 0
}

.c-article-author-list__button:hover,
.c-button-author-list:hover {
  background: #025e8d;
  border-color: transparent;
  color: #fff
}

.c-article-info-details {
  font-size: 1rem;
  margin-bottom: 8px;
  margin-top: 16px
}

.c-article-info-details__cite-as,
.c-article-info-details__show-history {
  border-left: 1px solid #6f6f6f;
  margin-left: 8px;
  padding-left: 8px
}

.c-article-info-details+.c-article-info-details {
  margin-top: 0
}

.c-article-metrics-bar {
  display: flex;
  flex-wrap: wrap;
  line-height: 1.3;
  font-size: 1rem
}

.c-article-metrics-bar__item {
  align-items: baseline;
  border-right: 1px solid #6f6f6f;
  margin-right: 8px
}

.c-article-metrics-bar__item:last-child {
  border-right: 0
}

.c-article-metrics-bar__count {
  font-weight: 700;
  margin: 0
}

.c-article-metrics-bar__label {
  color: #626262;
  font-weight: 400;
  font-style: normal;
  margin: 0 10px 0 5px
}

.c-article-metrics-bar__details {
  margin: 0
}

.c-article-author-affiliation__list,
.c-article-author-authors-search,
.c-article-author-information__list,
.c-article-author-institutional-author,
.c-article-further-reading__list,
.c-article-references,
.c-article-supplementary__list {
  list-style: none;
  padding: 0
}

.c-article-footnote--listed {
  list-style: none
}

.c-article-change-list,
.c-article-references__nav,
.c-section-author-list {
  list-style: none;
  padding: 0
}

.c-section-author-list {
  margin-bottom: 16px
}

.c-section-author-list>li {
  display: inline;
  font-weight: 700
}

.c-article-associated-content__container .c-article-associated-content__title {
  font-size: 1.25rem;
  padding-bottom: 8px;
  margin: 0
}

.c-article-section__title {
  margin: 0
}

@media only screen and (min-width:876px) {

  .c-article-associated-content__container .c-article-associated-content__title,
  .c-article-section__title {
    font-size: 1.5rem;
    line-height: 1.24
  }
}

.c-article-section__content .c-article-section__content-banner {
  margin-top: 0;
  margin-bottom: 8px
}

.c-article-section {
  clear: both
}

.c-article-section__content {
  padding-top: 8px;
  margin-bottom: 40px
}

@media only screen and (max-width:1023px) {
  .c-article-section__content {
    padding-left: 0
  }
}

.c-article-section__content--separator {
  border-top: 2px solid #d5d5d5;
  padding-top: 40px
}

.c-article__pill-button {
  background-color: #fff;
  font-family: "Merriweather Sans", "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;
  text-decoration: none;
  align-items: center
}

.c-article-section__figure-link .c-article__pill-button::before {
  content: "";
  position: absolute;
  display: block;
  width: 100%;
  height: 100%;
  top: 0;
  left: 0;
  bottom: 0;
  right: 0;
  z-index: 999999;
  overflow: hidden
}

.c-article__pill-button:active {
  box-shadow: 0 0 0 0
}

.c-article__pill-button svg {
  height: .8em;
  margin-left: 2px
}

.c-article-figure-button-container .c-article__pill-button svg,
.c-article-section__figure-link .c-article__pill-button svg {
  vertical-align: middle
}

.c-article-section__illustration {
  font-size: .875rem;
  float: none;
  margin: 0 auto 24px;
  padding: 0
}

@media only screen and (min-width:768px) {
  .c-article-section__illustration-right {
    margin: 8px 0 16px 24px;
    float: right
  }
}

.c-article__sub-heading {
  font-family: "Merriweather Sans", "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;
  font-style: normal;
  line-height: 1.3;
  color: #222;
  margin: 24px 0 8px
}

@media only screen and (min-width:876px) {
  .c-article__sub-heading {
    font-size: 1.5rem;
    line-height: 1.24
  }
}

.c-article__sub-heading:first-child {
  margin-top: 0
}

.c-article__sub-heading--divider::before {
  content: "";
  display: block;
  width: 30px;
  height: 4px;
  margin-top: 40px;
  margin-bottom: 16px;
  background: #222
}

.c-article-body .c-article-access-provider {
  padding: 8px 16px
}

.c-article-body .c-article-access-provider,
.c-notes {
  border: 1px solid #d5d5d5;
  border-left: none;
  border-right: none;
  margin: 24px 0
}

.c-article-body .c-article-access-provider__text {
  color: #555
}

.c-article-body .c-article-access-provider__text,
.c-notes__text {
  padding-top: 2px;
  padding-bottom: 2px;
  margin-bottom: 0;
  font-size: 1rem;
  text-align: center
}

.c-article-change-list__details,
.c-article-change-list__details>p:first-child {
  display: inline
}

.c-article-references__heading {
  font-weight: 700;
  font-size: 1.05rem;
  margin: 24px 0 4px
}

.c-article-references__item {
  display: flex;
  flex-wrap: wrap;
  padding-bottom: 16px;
  margin-bottom: 16px
}

.c-article-references__item::before {
  content: attr(data-counter);
  font-size: 1.5rem;
  line-height: 1.4;
  text-align: right
}

@media only screen and (max-width:1023px) {
  .c-article-references__item::before {
    font-size: 1.125rem;
    line-height: inherit
  }
}

.c-article-references__item>h3,
.c-article-references__item>p.c-article-references__text {
  flex: 1;
  padding-left: 8px
}

.c-article-references__text {
  margin-bottom: 8px
}

.c-article-references__links {
  display: flex;
  flex-basis: 100%;
  justify-content: flex-end;
  flex-wrap: wrap;
  font-family: "Merriweather Sans", "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;
  font-size: 1rem;
  font-weight: 700;
  margin: 0;
  padding: 0;
  list-style: none
}

.c-article-references__links a {
  padding-left: 8px
}

.c-article-references__links a:first-child {
  padding-left: 0
}

.c-article-references__download {
  text-align: right
}

.c-article-references__download>a {
  font-size: 1rem;
  font-weight: 700;
  font-family: "Merriweather Sans", "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif
}

.c-article-references__download svg,
.c-bibliographic-information__download-citation svg {
  margin-left: 4px;
  margin-top: 2px
}

.c-article-author-information__list {
  margin-top: 0;
  margin-bottom: 24px
}

.c-article-author-information__authors-list {
  padding: 0;
  margin: 0;
  list-style: none;
  font-weight: 700
}

.c-article-author-affiliation__list>li,
.c-article-author-information__item {
  margin-bottom: 16px
}

.c-article-author-information__subtitle {
  font-weight: 700;
  margin: 0 0 8px
}

.c-article-body .c-article-author-affiliation__address {
  color: inherit;
  font-weight: 700;
  margin: 0
}

.c-article-body .c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list {
  list-style: none;
  padding: 0;
  margin: 0
}

.c-article-body .c-article-author-affiliation__authors-item {
  display: inline;
  margin-left: 0
}

.c-article-authors__list {
  padding: 0;
  list-style: none
}

.c-article-authors-search,
.c-article-authors__list {
  margin-top: 0;
  margin-bottom: 24px
}

.c-article-authors-search__item,
.c-article-authors-search__title {
  font-family: "Merriweather Sans", "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif
}

.c-article-authors-search__title {
  color: #626262;
  font-weight: 700;
  margin: 0;
  padding: 0;
  font-size: 1.05rem
}

.c-article-authors-search__item {
  font-size: 1rem
}

.c-article-authors-search__text {
  margin: 0
}

.c-article-author-institutional-author {
  margin-top: 0;
  margin-bottom: 24px
}

.c-article-author-institutional-author__name {
  font-size: 1.05rem;
  font-weight: 700;
  margin: 0;
  padding: 0
}

.c-article-author-institutional-author__author-list {
  list-style: none;
  padding: 0;
  margin-top: 0;
  margin-bottom: 24px
}

.c-article-author-institutional-author__author-list--popup {
  clear: both;
  margin-bottom: 16px
}

.c-article-author-institutional-author__author-name {
  display: inline;
  list-style: none
}

.c-article-author-institutional-author__sub-division {
  line-height: 1.76;
  margin: 0
}

.c-article-author-institutional-author__author-list .c-article-author-institutional-author__author-list .c-article-author-institutional-author__sub-division {
  color: #626262
}

.c-article-supplementary {
  margin-bottom: 24px
}

.c-article-supplementary__item {
  margin-bottom: 24px;
  position: relative
}

.c-article-supplementary__item>span {
  width: 40px;
  line-height: 1.4;
  font-weight: 400;
  text-align: right;
  position: absolute;
  font-size: 1.5rem
}

.c-article-supplementary__external {
  margin-bottom: 16px
}

.c-article-supplementary__description>* {
  margin-bottom: 0
}

.c-article-fullwidth-content__infographic {
  position: relative;
  margin-bottom: 24px;
  padding: 0
}

.c-article-fullwidth-content__image {
  border: 4px solid green;
  position: relative
}

.c-article-fullwidth-content__image img {
  max-width: 100%
}

.c-article-fullwidth-content__caption {
  margin: 1px 0 20px
}

.c-article-supplementary__title {
  margin: 0 0 8px;
  line-height: 1.5
}

.c-article-supplementary__title a svg {
  transform: translateY(2px)
}

.c-article-supplementary--enumerated .c-article-supplementary__description,
.c-article-supplementary--enumerated .c-article-supplementary__title {
  margin-left: 50px
}

.c-article-further-reading__list {
  margin: 0
}

.c-article-further-reading__item {
  border-bottom: 1px solid #d5d5d5;
  margin-bottom: 16px;
  position: relative
}

.c-article-further-reading__item:last-child {
  border: 0
}

.c-article-further-reading__title {
  margin: 0;
  padding: 0;
  line-height: 1.5
}

.c-article-further-reading__authors-list,
.c-article-further-reading__journal-title {
  color: #626262;
  font-size: .813rem;
  padding: 0;
  font-family: "Merriweather Sans", "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif
}

.c-article-further-reading__authors-list {
  list-style: none;
  margin: 8px 0 0;
  line-height: 1.4
}

.c-article-compound-details__synonym-list>li,
.c-article-further-reading__authors-list li {
  display: inline
}

.c-article-further-reading__journal-title {
  margin-bottom: 24px
}

.c-article-license {
  font-size: 1rem;
  margin-bottom: 24px
}

.c-article-license__link {
  float: left;
  margin-right: 10px
}

.c-article-license__badge {
  margin-top: 8px
}

.app-border-highlight {
  border: 1px solid #c5e0f4;
  border-radius: 8px;
  padding: 24px;
  margin-bottom: 36px
}

@media only screen and (max-width:1023px) {
  .app-border-highlight {
    border-radius: 0;
    border-top: 1px solid #c5e0f4;
    border-bottom: 1px solid #c5e0f4;
    border-left: none;
    border-right: none;
    margin: 0-16px 32px
  }
}

.c-article-subject-list,
.c-article-subject-list__title {
  font-family: "Merriweather Sans", "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif
}

.c-article-subject-list__title {
  font-size: 20px;
  font-weight: 700;
  margin: 0 0 8px
}

.c-article-subject-list {
  font-size: 1rem;
  list-style: none;
  display: flex;
  flex-wrap: wrap;
  padding: 0;
  margin: 0 0 24px;
  gap: 16px 8px
}

.c-article-body .c-article-subject-list--no-mb {
  margin-bottom: 0
}

.c-article-subject-list__subject {
  background: #f0f7fc;
  padding: 8px 16px;
  border-radius: 4px;
  font-size: .875rem;
  font-weight: 700
}

.c-article-subject-list__subject a:hover {
  color: #025e8d
}

.c-article-satellite-article-link {
  font-family: "Merriweather", serif
}

.c-article-compound-container,
.c-article-compound-details p {
  margin-bottom: 16px
}

.c-article-compound-details {
  display: inline-block;
  margin-bottom: 16px
}

.c-article-compound-details__image {
  margin-bottom: 16px;
  max-width: 100%
}

.c-article-compound-details__links {
  color: #626262;
  font-size: .875rem
}

.c-article-compound-details__synonym {
  margin-bottom: 16px
}

.c-article-compound-details__synonym-list {
  padding: 0;
  list-style: none
}

.c-bibliographic-information {
  display: flex;
  padding-top: 8px
}

@media only screen and (max-width:1023px) {
  .c-bibliographic-information {
    padding-top: 0;
    display: block
  }
}

.c-bibliographic-information__value {
  font-size: 1rem;
  display: block
}

.c-bibliographic-information__column:first-child {
  width: 81px;
  flex: 0 0 81px
}

@media only screen and (max-width:1023px) {
  .c-bibliographic-information__column:first-child {
    width: 100%
  }
}

.c-bibliographic-information__column:last-child {
  flex: 1
}

.c-bibliographic-information__column--border {
  border-right: 1px solid #d5d5d5;
  margin-right: 24px
}

@media only screen and (max-width:1023px) {
  .c-bibliographic-information__column--border {
    border-bottom: 1px solid #d5d5d5;
    padding-bottom: 8px;
    margin-bottom: 8px;
    border-right: 0;
    margin-right: 0
  }
}

.c-bibliographic-information__list {
  list-style: none;
  margin: 0;
  padding: 0;
  display: flex;
  justify-content: flex-start;
  flex-wrap: wrap;
  gap: 32px
}

.c-bibliographic-information__list-item {
  flex: 0 0 calc((100% - 64px)/3);
  box-sizing: border-box;
  font-size: 1rem;
  font-family: "Merriweather Sans", "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif
}

@media only screen and (max-width:1023px) {
  .c-bibliographic-information__list-item {
    flex: 0 0 100%
  }
}

.c-bibliographic-information__list-item h4 {
  font-style: normal;
  font-size: 1rem
}

.c-bibliographic-information__list-item p {
  margin-bottom: 0
}

.c-bibliographic-information__list-item:last-child {
  padding-right: 0
}

.c-bibliographic-information__list-item--full-width {
  flex: 0 0 100%
}

.c-bibliographic-information__citation,
.c-bibliographic-information__download-citation {
  font-family: "Merriweather Sans", "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;
  font-size: 1rem;
  margin-bottom: 8px
}

.c-bibliographic-information__download-citation {
  margin-bottom: 24px
}

.c-code-block {
  padding: 20px;
  margin: 0 0 24px;
  border: 1px solid #fff;
  font-family: monospace
}

.c-code-block__heading {
  margin-bottom: 16px;
  font-weight: 400
}

.c-code-block__line {
  word-wrap: break-word;
  white-space: pre-wrap;
  display: block
}

.c-stack {
  display: inline-table;
  vertical-align: top
}

.c-stack sub,
.c-stack sup {
  display: table-row;
  line-height: 1
}

.c-literal {
  font-family: monospace
}

.c-blockquote::after,
.c-blockquote::before {
  content: "";
  display: table
}

.c-blockquote::after {
  clear: both
}

.c-blockquote {
  border-left: 4px solid #d5d5d5;
  padding-left: 16px;
  margin: 24px 0;
  position: relative
}

.c-blockquote:after,
.c-blockquote:before {
  height: 7px;
  border-left: 4px solid #fff;
  position: absolute;
  margin-left: -4px;
  left: 0
}

.c-blockquote:before {
  top: 0
}

.c-blockquote:after {
  bottom: 0
}

.c-blockquote:first-child {
  margin-top: 0
}

.c-blockquote__body>* {
  margin-bottom: 0
}

.c-blockquote--motto {
  border-color: #025e8d
}

.c-book-review {
  margin-top: 40px;
  margin-bottom: 24px;
  padding: 30px 0 20px 20px;
  border-bottom: 2px solid;
  border-top: 2px solid;
  -o-border-image: linear-gradient(to right, #fff, #fff 23%, #fff 0, #fff 74%, #fff 23%, #fff)10;
  border-image: linear-gradient(to right, #fff, #fff 23%, #fff 0, #fff 74%, #fff 23%, #fff)10;
  font-size: .813rem
}

.c-book-review__title {
  font-weight: 700;
  font-size: 1.05rem;
  line-height: 1.3
}

.c-book-review__image {
  margin: 10px 30px 10px 0;
  float: left
}

.c-book-review img {
  box-shadow: 2px 2px 10px rgba(0, 0, 0, .25)
}

.c-book-review__list {
  padding: 0;
  list-style: none;
  display: block;
  visibility: visible;
  margin-top: 0;
  margin-bottom: 10px
}

.c-book-review__list:last-child {
  margin-bottom: 24px
}

.c-book-review__item {
  display: inline
}

.c-book-review__additional-info {
  margin-bottom: 10px
}

.c-key-step {
  border: 1px solid #00f;
  margin-bottom: 24px;
  padding: 15px 15px 6px
}

.c-key-step--important {
  border-color: #b74616
}

.c-key-step__heading {
  background: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D'http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg'%20width%3D'16'%20height%3D'16'%20viewBox%3D'125%2025%2016%2016'%20enable-background%3D'new%20125%2025%2016%2016'%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D'%23215F90'%20d%3D'M133%2025c-4.374%200-8%203.626-8%208s3.626%208%208%208%208-3.626%208-8-3.626-8-8-8zm1.173%2012.48c0%20.107%200%20.32-.32.32h-1.707c-.213%200-.32-.106-.32-.32v-5.76c0-.213.106-.32.32-.32h1.707c.213%200%20.32.213.32.32v5.76zM133%2030.333c-1.067%200-1.173-.534-1.173-1.067%200-.64.213-1.066%201.173-1.066s1.173.426%201.173%201.066c0%20.534-.106%201.067-1.173%201.067z'%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E")no-repeat 0 50%;
  color: #00f;
  font-family: "Merriweather Sans", "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;
  font-weight: 700;
  padding-left: 20px;
  text-transform: uppercase
}

.c-key-step--important>.c-key-step__heading {
  background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D'http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg'%20width%3D'16'%20height%3D'16'%20viewBox%3D'109.508%2034.751%2016%2016'%20enable-background%3D'new%20109.508%2034.751%2016%2016'%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D'%23AB5306'%20d%3D'M125.382%2048.933l-7.35-12.914c-.314-.526-.734-.526-1.05%200l-7.35%2012.913c-.314.525%200%20.945.526.945h14.7c.524%200%20.84-.42.524-.945zm-8.61-9.555h1.47c.21%200%20.316.105.316.315l-.21%205.774c0%20.21-.105.315-.315.315h-1.05c-.21%200-.315-.105-.315-.315l-.21-5.774c0-.21.104-.315.315-.315zm.736%209.45c-1.05%200-1.155-.525-1.155-1.05%200-.63.21-1.05%201.155-1.05.945%200%201.155.42%201.155%201.05%200%20.525-.21%201.05-1.155%201.05z'%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E");
  color: #b74616
}

.c-key-step__body {
  color: #626262;
  font-size: 1rem;
  margin: 0
}

.c-key-step__body>p {
  margin-bottom: 16px
}

.c-timing-step,
.c-troubleshooting-step {
  font-family: "Merriweather Sans", "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;
  font-size: 1rem
}

.c-troubleshooting-step {
  background: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D'http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg'%20width%3D'16'%20height%3D'16'%20viewBox%3D'125%2025%2016%2016'%20enable-background%3D'new%20125%2025%2016%2016'%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D'%23215F90'%20d%3D'M133%2025c-4.374%200-8%203.626-8%208s3.626%208%208%208%208-3.626%208-8-3.626-8-8-8zm1.173%2012.48c0%20.107%200%20.32-.32.32h-1.707c-.213%200-.32-.106-.32-.32v-5.76c0-.213.106-.32.32-.32h1.707c.213%200%20.32.213.32.32v5.76zM133%2030.333c-1.067%200-1.173-.534-1.173-1.067%200-.64.213-1.066%201.173-1.066s1.173.426%201.173%201.066c0%20.534-.106%201.067-1.173%201.067z'%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E")no-repeat 0 50%;
  font-weight: 700;
  padding-left: 20px;
  text-transform: uppercase
}

.c-timing-step {
  color: #626262;
  margin: 0 0 8px
}

.c-article-box {
  padding: 0
}

.c-article-box__container {
  margin: 0;
  overflow: hidden
}

.c-article-box__container-title {
  font-weight: 700
}

.c-article-box__content>*,
.c-article-footnote p {
  margin-bottom: 0
}

.c-article-box__content>*+* {
  margin-top: 24px
}

.c-article-box__controls {
  position: relative;
  margin-top: -56px
}

.c-article-box__controls button {
  display: block;
  font-weight: 700;
  background-color: green;
  border: 0;
  width: 100%;
  cursor: pointer
}

.c-article-box__controls button:focus,
.c-article-box__controls button:hover,
.c-pan-zoom-controls button:focus,
.c-pan-zoom-controls button:hover {
  text-decoration: underline
}

.c-article-box__button-text:after {
  content: "";
  width: 20px;
  height: 10px;
  background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D'http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg'%20width%3D'12'%20height%3D'7'%20viewBox%3D'0%200%2012%207'%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D'%230000FF'%20d%3D'M9.6%200l-3.6%204.3-3.6-4.3h-2.4l6%207%206-7h-2.4z'%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E");
  background-repeat: no-repeat;
  background-position: 50% 50%;
  display: inline-block
}

.c-article-box--expanded .c-article-box__button-text:after {
  transform: rotate(180deg)
}

.c-article-box__fade {
  height: 56px;
  background: linear-gradient(to bottom, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)0, rgba(255, 255, 255, .38) 25%, rgba(255, 255, 255, .75) 50%, rgba(255, 255, 255, .85) 75%, #fff 100%)
}

.c-article-box--expanded .c-article-box__controls {
  margin-top: 0
}

.c-article-box--expanded .c-article-box__fade {
  display: none
}

.c-article-footnote {
  border-bottom: 1px solid #d5d5d5;
  margin-bottom: 24px;
  padding: 20px 30px
}

.c-article-footnote p+p {
  margin-top: 16px
}

.c-article-footnote--listed {
  border: 0;
  padding: 0
}

.c-article-footnote--listed__item {
  display: flex;
  flex-wrap: wrap;
  padding-bottom: 16px;
  margin-bottom: 16px
}

.c-article-footnote--listed__content {
  flex: 1;
  padding-left: 12px;
  word-wrap: break-word;
  overflow-wrap: break-word;
  word-break: break-word
}

.c-article-footnote--listed__item::before {
  content: attr(data-counter);
  font-size: 1.5rem;
  line-height: 1.4;
  text-align: right
}

.c-article-share-box {
  font-family: "Merriweather Sans", "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;
  margin-bottom: 24px
}

.c-article-share-box__title {
  font-weight: 700;
  margin-bottom: 8px
}

.c-article-share-box__description {
  font-size: 1rem;
  margin-bottom: 8px
}

.c-article-share-box__no-sharelink-info {
  font-size: .813rem;
  font-weight: 700;
  padding-top: 4px;
  margin-bottom: 24px
}

.c-article-share-box__only-read-input {
  border: 1px solid #d5d5d5;
  display: inline-block;
  box-sizing: content-box;
  height: 24px;
  margin-bottom: 8px;
  font-size: .875rem;
  font-weight: 700;
  padding: 8px 10px
}

.c-article-share-box__only-read-input--highlighted {
  animation: "transparent-to-yellow" 1.5s ease
}

.c-article-share-box__additional-info {
  color: #626262;
  font-size: .813rem
}

.c-article-share-box__button {
  background: #fff;
  box-sizing: content-box;
  text-align: center
}

.c-article-share-box__button--link-like {
  background-color: transparent;
  border: 0;
  color: #025e8d;
  cursor: pointer;
  font-size: .875rem;
  margin-bottom: 8px;
  margin-left: 10px
}

.c-pan-zoom-controls {
  text-align: center;
  background: green;
  border-bottom: 6px solid green;
  padding: 8px 10px
}

.c-pan-zoom-controls ul {
  list-style: none;
  display: inline-flex;
  margin: 0;
  padding: 0
}

.c-pan-zoom-controls li {
  border-left: 1px solid #fff;
  padding: 4px
}

.c-pan-zoom-controls li:first-child {
  border-left: none
}

.c-pan-zoom-controls button {
  border: 0;
  padding: 0 10px;
  background-color: transparent;
  color: #025e8d
}

.c-pan-zoom-controls__zoom-in button,
.c-pan-zoom-controls__zoom-out button {
  background-repeat: no-repeat;
  background-position: 50% 50%;
  background-size: 16px auto;
  width: 16px;
  height: 16px;
  padding: 4px 20px
}

.c-pan-zoom-controls__zoom-in button {
  background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D'http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg'%20width%3D'16'%20height%3D'16'%20viewBox%3D'0%200%2016%2016'%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D'%230000FF'%20d%3D'M6%200h4v16h-4v-16zm-6%206h16v4h-16v-4z'%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E")
}

.c-pan-zoom-controls__zoom-out button {
  background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D'http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg'%20width%3D'16'%20height%3D'16'%20viewBox%3D'0%200%2016%2016'%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D'%230000FF'%20d%3D'M0%206h16v4h-16v-4z'%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E")
}

.c-article-equation {
  margin-bottom: 24px;
  position: relative;
  width: 100%;
  display: table;
  table-layout: fixed
}

.c-article-equation .MathJax_Display>.MathJax,
.c-article-equation__content>.MathJax {
  display: block !important;
  max-width: 100%;
  overflow-x: auto;
  overflow-y: hidden
}

.c-article-equation #MathJax_Zoom {
  background-color: #f7fbfe;
  border: 1px solid #97bfd8;
  border-radius: 2px;
  box-shadow: 0 0 5px 2px rgba(51, 51, 51, .2)
}

.c-article-equation__content {
  display: block;
  text-align: left;
  vertical-align: middle
}

@media only screen and (min-width:876px) {
  .c-article-equation__content {
    display: table-cell;
    width: 90%
  }
}

.c-article-equation__number {
  display: block;
  font-family: "Merriweather Sans", "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;
  text-align: left;
  vertical-align: middle;
  margin: 12px 0 16px
}

@media only screen and (min-width:876px) {
  .c-article-equation__number {
    display: table-cell;
    width: 10%;
    white-space: nowrap;
    text-align: right;
    padding-left: 16px
  }
}

.c-article-equation__number {
  min-width: 35px
}

.c-article-orcid {
  -webkit-margin-before: 0;
  margin-block-start: 0
}

.c-article-orcid__text {
  font-size: 1rem
}

.c-article-orcid:before {
  display: inline-block;
  width: 24px;
  height: 24px;
  content: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg height='24' viewBox='0 0 24 24' width='24' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%3E%3Cg fill='none' fill-rule='evenodd'%3E%3Cpath d='m0 0h24v24h-24z' fill='%23fff' opacity='0'/%3E%3Cpath d='m12 20c-4.418278 0-8-3.581722-8-8s3.581722-8 8-8 8 3.581722 8 8-3.581722 8-8 8zm-3.01799709-13.09169471c-.16628978-.16109322-.36635416-.24163862-.60019916-.24163862-.21825533 0-.410525.08444276-.57681478.25333081-.16628977.16888806-.24943341.36245684-.24943341.58071218 0 .22345188.08314364.41961891.24943341.58850696.16628978.16888806.35855945.25333082.57681478.25333082.233845 0 .43390938-.08314364.60019916-.24943342.16628978-.16628977.24943342-.36375592.24943342-.59240436 0-.233845-.08314364-.43131115-.24943342-.59240437zm-1.30173065 2.36492841v7.1712107h1.41865256v-7.1712107zm5.97732434.02508949h-2.9924703v7.14612121h2.9106249c.7673039 0 1.4476365-.1483432 2.0410182-.445034s1.0511995-.7152915 1.3734671-1.2558144c.3222677-.540523.4833991-1.1603247.4833991-1.8594238 0-.6854582-.1602789-1.3027023-.4808414-1.8517509-.3205625-.5490485-.7707074-.9753221-1.3504481-1.2788334-.5797408-.30351132-1.2413173-.45526471-1.9847495-.45526471zm-.1432294 6.06678581h-1.4681008v-4.9874504h1.4220628c.7877654 0 1.4143875.2233674 1.8798852.6701087.4654977.4467414.698243 1.05546.698243 1.8261742 0 .7434322-.2310402 1.3444779-.6931277 1.8031551-.4620874.4586773-1.0750688.6880124-1.8389625.6880124z' fill='%23999'/%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E");
  margin-left: -3px;
  padding-right: 4px;
  vertical-align: middle
}

.c-article-editorial-summary__container {
  font-family: "Merriweather Sans", "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;
  font-size: 1rem
}

.c-article-editorial-summary__container .c-article-editorial-summary__article-title {
  font-size: 1.5rem;
  font-size: clamp(1.25rem, 4vw, 1.5rem);
  font-weight: 700;
  line-height: 1.2
}

.c-article-editorial-summary__container .c-article-editorial-summary__content--less {
  max-height: 9.5rem;
  overflow: hidden
}

.c-article-editorial-summary__container .c-article-editorial-summary__button.active,
.c-article-editorial-summary__container .c-article-editorial-summary__button.hover,
.c-article-editorial-summary__container .c-article-editorial-summary__button:active,
.c-article-editorial-summary__container .c-article-editorial-summary__button:hover {
  text-decoration: underline;
  -webkit-text-decoration-skip: ink;
  text-decoration-skip-ink: auto
}

.c-article-editorial-summary__container .c-article-editorial-summary__button {
  background-color: #fff;
  border: 0;
  color: #025e8d;
  font-size: .875rem;
  margin-bottom: 16px
}

.c-article-associated-content__container .c-article-associated-content__collection-label {
  font-size: .875rem;
  line-height: 1.4
}

.c-article-associated-content__container .c-article-associated-content__collection-title {
  line-height: 1.3
}

.article__teaser {
  overflow: hidden;
  position: relative;
  font-family: "Merriweather", serif
}

.article__teaser::after {
  content: "";
  position: absolute;
  left: 0;
  right: 0;
  bottom: 0;
  min-height: min(200px, 50%);
  background: linear-gradient(to top, #fff, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0))
}

.c-pdf-preview__embed {
  display: none
}

@media only screen and (min-width:768px) {
  .c-pdf-preview__embed {
    display: block;
    margin-bottom: 24px
  }
}

.c-pdf-preview__embed--height {
  height: 1000px
}

.c-pdf-preview__info {
  display: block
}

@media only screen and (min-width:768px) {
  .c-pdf-preview__info {
    display: none
  }
}

img[src*="delivery.pbgrd.com/network/logger"] {
  position: absolute;
  height: 0;
  width: 0
}

span.u-custom-list-number {
  width: -moz-fit-content;
  width: fit-content;
  padding-right: .5rem;
  margin-left: -.5rem
}

.c-reading-companion {
  clear: both;
  min-height: 389px
}

.c-reading-companion .u-lazy-ad-wrapper {
  background-color: transparent !important;
  min-height: 250px
}

.c-reading-companion .u-lazy-ad-wrapper .div-gpt-ad {
  height: 100%
}

.c-reading-companion__heading {
  font-family: "Merriweather Sans", "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;
  font-size: 1rem;
  font-weight: 700;
  padding: 0 16px 16px;
  margin: 0
}

.c-reading-companion__sticky--stuck {
  margin: 0 0 16px;
  position: fixed;
  top: 50px
}

.c-reading-companion__scroll-pane {
  overflow-x: hidden;
  overflow-y: auto;
  margin: 0;
  min-height: 200px
}

.c-reading-companion__tabs {
  font-size: 1rem;
  list-style: none;
  display: flex;
  flex-direction: row;
  flex-wrap: nowrap;
  margin: 0 0 8px;
  padding: 0
}

.c-reading-companion__tabs>li {
  flex-grow: 1
}

.c-reading-companion__tab {
  border: solid #d5d5d5;
  border-width: 1px 1px 1px 0;
  padding: 8px 8px 8px 15px;
  text-align: left;
  font-size: 1rem;
  width: 100%
}

.c-reading-companion__tab:focus {
  text-decoration: none;
  outline-offset: -4px
}

.c-reading-companion__tabs li:first-child .c-reading-companion__tab {
  border-left-width: 1px
}

.c-reading-companion__tab--active {
  background-color: #fcfcfc;
  border-bottom: 1px solid #fcfcfc;
  font-weight: 700
}

.c-reading-companion--highlighted {
  animation: highlight 2s ease
}

.c-reading-companion__sections-list {
  list-style: none;
  padding: 0
}

.c-reading-companion__figures-list,
.c-reading-companion__references-list {
  list-style: none;
  padding: 0;
  min-height: 389px
}

.c-reading-companion__references-list--numeric {
  list-style: decimal inside
}

.c-reading-companion__sections-list {
  margin: 0 0 8px;
  min-height: 50px
}

.c-reading-companion__section-item {
  font-size: 1rem;
  padding: 0
}

.c-reading-companion__section-item a {
  display: block;
  padding: 8px 0 8px 16px;
  line-height: 1.5;
  overflow: hidden;
  white-space: nowrap;
  text-overflow: ellipsis
}

.c-reading-companion__section-item--active a {
  white-space: normal;
  border-left: 4px solid #d5d5d5;
  padding-left: 12px;
  color: #222
}

.c-reading-companion__section-item .c-article-section__title-number {
  display: none
}

.c-reading-companion__figure-item {
  padding: 16px 8px 16px 0;
  border-top: 1px solid #d5d5d5;
  font-size: 1rem
}

.c-reading-companion__figure-item:first-child {
  border-top: none;
  padding-top: 8px
}

.c-reading-companion__reference-item {
  font-size: 1rem
}

.c-reading-companion__reference-item:first-child {
  border-top: none
}

.c-reading-companion__reference-item a {
  word-break: break-word
}

.c-reading-companion__reference-citation {
  display: inline
}

.c-reading-companion__reference-links {
  list-style: none;
  text-align: right;
  margin: 8px 0 0;
  padding: 0;
  font-weight: 700;
  font-size: .813rem
}

.c-reading-companion__reference-links>a {
  display: inline-block;
  padding-left: 8px
}

.c-reading-companion__reference-links>a:first-child {
  display: inline-block;
  padding-left: 0
}

.c-reading-companion__figure-title {
  font-size: 1.25rem;
  line-height: 1.2;
  font-weight: 700;
  display: block;
  margin: 0 0 8px
}

.c-reading-companion__figure-links {
  margin: 8px 0 0;
  display: flex;
  justify-content: space-between
}

.c-reading-companion__figure-links>a {
  display: flex;
  align-items: center
}

.c-reading-companion__figure-item picture:last-child {
  margin-bottom: 16px
}

.c-reading-companion__figure-full-link svg {
  height: .8em;
  margin-left: 2px
}

.c-reading-companion__panel {
  display: none;
  border-top: none;
  margin-top: 0;
  padding-top: 0
}

.c-reading-companion__panel--active {
  display: block
}

.c-reading-companion__return {
  position: absolute;
  overflow: hidden;
  width: 1px;
  height: 1px
}

.c-reading-companion__return:focus {
  position: static;
  width: auto;
  height: auto;
  padding: 0 4px
}

.c-behind-the-paper {
  display: none
}

.c-article-section__figure {
  max-width: 100%;
  clear: both
}

.c-article-section__figure--1-border {
  border-width: 1px;
  display: inline-block;
  position: relative;
  padding: 0;
  margin: 0
}

.c-article-section__figure--1-border-image {
  float: left;
  max-width: 100%
}

.c-article-section__figure--no-border {
  border: 0;
  padding: 20px 0
}

.c-article-section__figure-caption {
  margin-bottom: 8px;
  display: block;
  word-break: break-word
}

.c-article-section__figure-1-border-caption {
  border-bottom: 1px solid #d5d5d5;
  color: #626262;
  font-size: .813rem;
  margin: 0;
  padding: 8px 0;
  max-width: 100%
}

.c-article-section__figure-credit,
.c-article-table-container table {
  font-size: .813rem;
  font-family: "Merriweather Sans", "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;
  margin-bottom: 16px
}

.c-article-section__figure-credit-right {
  text-align: right
}

.c-article-section__figure-content {
  margin-bottom: 16px
}

.c-article-section__figure-item {
  position: relative;
  max-width: 100%
}

@media print {
  .c-article-section__figure-link {
    display: none
  }
}

.c-article-section__figure-link {
  text-align: left;
  margin: 32px 0
}

.c-article-section__figure .video,
p.app-article-masthead__access--above-download {
  margin: 0 0 16px
}

.c-article-section__figure-item img {
  display: block;
  margin: 0 auto
}

.c-article-section__figure-description {
  font-size: 1rem
}

.c-article-section__figure-description>* {
  margin-bottom: 0
}

.c-article-figure-content {
  clear: both
}

.c-article-figure-content-image {
  margin-bottom: 16px;
  text-align: center
}

.c-article-figure-content-image:after,
.c-article-figure-content-image:before {
  content: " ";
  display: table
}

.c-article-figure-content-image:after {
  clear: both
}

.c-article-figure-content-image-inline {
  display: inline-block
}

.c-article-figure-description {
  font-family: "Merriweather", serif;
  margin: 0 0 24px
}

.c-article-figure-description>* {
  margin-bottom: 0
}

.c-article-figure-description>*+* {
  margin-top: 24px
}

.c-article-figure-button-container,
.c-article-metrics__button-container {
  text-align: right
}

.c-article-table {
  clear: both
}

.c-article-table .c-article__pill-button svg {
  vertical-align: baseline
}

.c-article-table-image {
  text-align: center
}

.c-article-satellite-title,
.c-article-table__figcaption {
  line-height: 1.4;
  margin-bottom: 16px;
  word-break: break-word
}

.c-article-table__inline-caption {
  font-weight: 400;
  font-size: 1.05rem;
  margin-bottom: 16px
}

.c-article-table-container {
  font-family: "Merriweather", serif;
  margin-bottom: 24px
}

.c-article-table-border {
  border: 1px solid #d5d5d5
}

.c-article-table-container table {
  border: 2px solid #d5d5d5;
  border-collapse: collapse;
  border-spacing: 0;
  font-size: 1rem;
  margin-bottom: 0;
  width: 100%
}

.c-article-table-container td,
.c-article-table-container th {
  padding: 6px;
  border-right: 1px solid #d5d5d5;
  line-height: 1.15
}

.c-article-table-container td p,
.c-article-table-container th p {
  word-break: normal
}

.c-article-table-head {
  border-bottom: 5px solid #959595
}

.c-article-table-footer {
  padding: 10px
}

.c-article-table-footer ol {
  list-style: none;
  margin: 0;
  padding: 0
}

.c-table-scroll-wrapper {
  position: relative
}

.c-table-scroll-wrapper__content {
  overflow-x: auto;
  min-width: 100%
}

.c-table-scroll-wrapper__fade::after {
  content: "";
  width: 30px;
  background-image: linear-gradient(to right, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0), rgba(255, 255, 255, .6), #fff);
  position: absolute;
  right: 0;
  top: 0;
  bottom: 0;
  opacity: 1;
  transition: opacity .25s ease-in-out;
  will-change: opacity
}

.c-table-scroll-wrapper__fade--transparent::after {
  opacity: 0
}

.c-aod {
  background: #dae5ea;
  padding: 20px;
  margin-bottom: 24px;
  font-size: 1rem
}

.c-aod__prompt {
  display: block;
  margin-bottom: 8px
}

.c-aod__invalid {
  display: block;
  margin-top: 8px
}

.c-aod input {
  padding: 5px;
  border: 1px solid #025e8d
}

.c-aod input[type=submit] {
  background: #025e8d;
  color: #fff;
  padding: 5px 10px
}

.c-access-options {
  margin: 16px 0 40px
}

.c-access-options__heading {
  font-weight: 700
}

.c-access-options__list {
  margin: 0;
  padding: 0;
  list-style: disc inside
}

.c-access-options__list>li {
  font-size: 1rem;
  line-height: 1.4
}

.c-cod {
  font-size: 1rem;
  display: block;
  width: 100%
}

.c-cod__form {
  background: #ebf0f3
}

.c-cod__prompt {
  margin: 0 0 24px;
  font-size: 1.125rem;
  line-height: 1.3
}

.c-cod__label {
  display: block;
  margin: 0 0 4px
}

.c-cod__row {
  display: flex;
  margin: 0 0 16px
}

.c-cod__row:last-child {
  margin: 0
}

.c-cod__input {
  padding: 13px;
  margin: 0;
  border: 1px solid #d5d5d5;
  border-radius: 2px;
  flex: 1 1 auto
}

.c-cod__input--submit {
  margin-left: 8px;
  flex-shrink: 1;
  background-color: #025e8d;
  color: #fff;
  border: 1px solid #025e8d;
  transition: background-color .2s ease-out, color .2s ease-out
}

.c-cod__input--submit-single {
  margin: 0;
  flex-shrink: 0;
  flex-basis: 100%
}

.c-cod__input--submit:focus,
.c-cod__input--submit:hover {
  color: #025e8d;
  background-color: #fff
}

.save-data .c-article-author-institutional-author__sub-division,
.save-data .c-article-equation__number,
.save-data .c-article-figure-description,
.save-data .c-article-fullwidth-content,
.save-data .c-article-main-column,
.save-data .c-article-satellite-article-link,
.save-data .c-article-satellite-subtitle,
.save-data .c-article-table-container,
.save-data .c-blockquote__body,
.save-data .c-code-block__heading,
.save-data .c-reading-companion__figure-title,
.save-data .c-reading-companion__reference-citation,
.save-data .c-site-messages--nature-briefing-email-variant .serif,
.save-data .c-site-messages--nature-briefing-email-variant.serif,
.save-data .serif,
.save-data .u-serif,
.save-data h1,
.save-data h2,
.save-data h3 {
  font-family: "Merriweather Sans", "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif
}

.c-pdf-download {
  display: flex
}

@media only screen and (min-width:768px) {
  .c-pdf-download {
    max-height: none
  }
}

@media only screen and (min-width:1024px) {
  .c-pdf-download {
    max-height: 48px
  }
}

.c-pdf-download__link {
  display: flex;
  flex: 1;
  padding: 13px 24px
}

.c-pdf-download__link:hover {
  text-decoration: none
}

.c-pdf-download__text {
  padding-right: 4px
}

@media only screen and (max-width:767px) {
  .c-pdf-download__text {
    text-transform: capitalize
  }
}

@media only screen and (min-width:768px) {
  .c-pdf-download__text {
    padding-right: 8px
  }
}

.c-context-bar--sticky .c-pdf-download {
  margin-bottom: 0;
  display: block;
  white-space: nowrap
}

@media only screen and (max-width:767px) {
  .c-pdf-download .u-sticky-visually-hidden {
    border: 0;
    clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0);
    -webkit-clip-path: inset(50%);
    clip-path: inset(50%);
    height: 1px;
    overflow: hidden;
    padding: 0;
    position: absolute !important;
    white-space: nowrap;
    width: 1px
  }
}

.c-pdf-container {
  display: flex;
  justify-content: flex-end
}

@media only screen and (max-width:767px) {
  .c-pdf-container .c-pdf-download {
    display: flex;
    flex-basis: 100%
  }
}

.c-pdf-container--flex-start {
  justify-content: flex-start
}

.c-pdf-container .c-pdf-download+.c-pdf-download {
  margin-left: 16px
}

.c-article-extras .c-pdf-container {
  width: 100%;
  flex-wrap: wrap
}

.c-article-extras .c-pdf-container .c-pdf-download {
  width: 100%
}

.c-article-extras .c-pdf-container .c-pdf-download+.c-pdf-download {
  margin-left: 0
}

@media only screen and (min-width:768px) {
  .c-context-bar--sticky .c-pdf-download__link {
    flex: 1 1 183px;
    align-items: center
  }
}

@media only screen and (max-width:320px) {
  .c-context-bar--sticky .c-pdf-download__link {
    padding: 16px
  }
}

.article-page--commercial .c-pdf-container {
  display: block
}

.article-page--commercial .c-article-main-column .c-pdf-button__container .c-pdf-download {
  display: none
}

@media only screen and (max-width:1023px) {
  .article-page--commercial .c-article-main-column .c-pdf-button__container .c-pdf-download {
    display: block
  }
}

.c-article-recommendations {
  padding: 24px;
  background-color: #eff6fb;
  margin: 0 0 48px
}

@media only screen and (max-width:1023px) {
  .c-article-recommendations {
    margin: 0-16px 48px;
    padding: 24px 16px
  }
}

.c-article-recommendations-title {
  font-family: "Merriweather Sans", "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;
  font-size: 1.25rem;
  font-weight: 700;
  margin: 0
}

.c-book-body .c-article-recommendations {
  margin: 0 0 64px
}

@media only screen and (max-width:1023px) {
  .c-book-body .c-article-recommendations {
    margin: 0-16px 48px;
    padding: 24px 16px
  }
}

.c-article-body .c-article-recommendations-list,
.c-book-body .c-article-recommendations-list {
  display: flex;
  flex-direction: row;
  gap: 16px;
  max-width: 100%;
  margin: 0;
  padding: 16px 0 0
}

.c-article-body .c-article-recommendations-list__item,
.c-book-body .c-article-recommendations-list__item {
  flex: 1
}

@media only screen and (max-width:767px) {

  .c-article-body .c-article-recommendations-list,
  .c-book-body .c-article-recommendations-list {
    flex-direction: column
  }
}

.c-article-recommendations-list:after,
.c-article-recommendations-list:before {
  align-self: stretch;
  content: "";
  border-left: 1px solid #cedbe0
}

@media only screen and (max-width:767px) {

  .c-article-recommendations-list:after,
  .c-article-recommendations-list:before {
    border-bottom: 1px solid #cedbe0;
    border-left: none
  }
}

.c-article-recommendations-list__item {
  display: flex
}

.c-article-recommendations-list .c-article-recommendations-list__item:first-child {
  order: -1
}

.c-article-recommendations-list .c-article-recommendations-list__item:last-child {
  order: 1
}

.c-article-recommendations-card {
  display: flex;
  flex-direction: column;
  font-family: "Merriweather Sans", "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;
  position: relative
}

.app-article-metrics-box p,
.c-article-recommendations-card__img {
  margin-bottom: 8px
}

@media only screen and (max-width:767px) {
  .c-article-recommendations-card__img {
    display: none
  }
}

.c-article-recommendations-card__heading {
  font-size: 1rem;
  font-weight: 700;
  margin: 0 0 16px
}

@media only screen and (max-width:767px) {
  .c-article-recommendations-card__heading {
    margin: 0 0 8px
  }
}

.c-article-recommendations-card__link {
  color: #000;
  max-height: 5.6em;
  -webkit-box-orient: vertical;
  display: block;
  display: -webkit-box;
  overflow: hidden !important;
  text-overflow: ellipsis;
  -webkit-line-clamp: 4;
  line-height: 1.4;
  position: relative
}

.app-chat-login-wall__login-card a::before,
.c-article-recommendations-card__link:before {
  content: "";
  position: absolute;
  top: 0;
  left: 0;
  bottom: 0;
  right: 0
}

.c-article-recommendations-card__link:hover,
.c-article-recommendations-card__link:visited {
  color: #000;
  text-decoration-thickness: .25rem;
  text-underline-offset: .08em
}

.c-article-recommendations-card__link .MathJax_Display {
  display: inline !important
}

.c-article-recommendations-card__main {
  display: flex;
  flex-direction: column;
  flex: 1 1 auto
}

@media only screen and (max-width:767px) {
  .c-article-recommendations-card__main {
    flex-direction: column-reverse
  }
}

.c-recommendations-column-switch .c-meta {
  margin-top: auto
}

.c-article-recommendations-card__meta-type {
  font-weight: 700
}

.c-article-meta-recommendations {
  margin-top: auto;
  padding: 0;
  font-family: "Merriweather Sans", "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;
  font-size: .875rem;
  line-height: inherit
}

.c-article-meta-recommendations__item-type {
  font-weight: 700;
  border-right: 1px solid #d9d9d9;
  padding-right: 8px;
  margin-right: 8px
}

@media only screen and (max-width:767px) {
  .c-article-meta-recommendations__access-type {
    border-right: 1px solid #d9d9d9;
    padding-right: 8px;
    margin-right: 8px
  }
}

.c-article-recommendations-list:has(.c-article-meta-recommendations__access-type) .c-article-meta-recommendations:not(:has(>.c-article-meta-recommendations__access-type)) {
  padding: 0 0 1.5rem
}

@media only screen and (max-width:767px) {
  .c-article-recommendations-list:has(.c-article-meta-recommendations__access-type) .c-article-meta-recommendations:not(:has(>.c-article-meta-recommendations__access-type)) {
    padding: 0
  }
}

.c-article-meta-recommendations__access-type+.c-article-meta-recommendations__date {
  display: block
}

@media only screen and (max-width:767px) {
  .c-article-meta-recommendations__access-type+.c-article-meta-recommendations__date {
    display: inline
  }
}

.c-article-body .c-article-recommendations-card__authors {
  display: none;
  font-family: "Merriweather Sans", "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;
  font-size: .875rem;
  line-height: 1.5;
  margin: 0 0 8px
}

@media only screen and (max-width:767px) {
  .c-article-body .c-article-recommendations-card__authors {
    display: block;
    margin: 0
  }
}

.c-article-history {
  border-left: 2px dotted #999;
  margin: 0;
  padding: 0
}

@media only screen and (min-width:768px) {
  .c-article-history {
    margin-left: 96px
  }
}

.c-article-body .c-article-history {
  margin-top: 24px
}

.c-article-history-item {
  font-family: "Merriweather Sans", "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;
  font-size: .875rem;
  padding: 0 0 24px 14px;
  margin-left: -2px;
  position: relative
}

@media only screen and (min-width:768px) {
  .c-article-history-item {
    padding-left: 26px
  }
}

.c-article-history-item:before {
  background: #fff;
  width: 12px;
  height: 12px;
  border-radius: 50%;
  border: 2px solid #999;
  left: -5px;
  top: 7px;
  padding: 0;
  content: "";
  position: absolute
}

.c-article-history-item:first-child {
  background-image: linear-gradient(to bottom, #fff 0, #fff 12px, transparent 12px, transparent)
}

.c-article-history-item:last-child {
  background-image: linear-gradient(to bottom, transparent 0, transparent 12px, #fff 12px, #fff)
}

.c-article-history-item--current:before {
  background: #999
}

.c-article-history-item__marker {
  margin: 0
}

@media only screen and (min-width:768px) {
  .c-article-history-item__marker {
    font-family: "Merriweather Sans", "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;
    position: absolute;
    left: -100px;
    top: 1px;
    text-align: right;
    width: 96px;
    padding-right: 8px
  }
}

.c-article-history-item__title {
  margin-bottom: 12px;
  display: inline-block
}

.c-article-history-item__authors {
  margin: 0;
  padding: 0
}

.c-article-history-item__authors li {
  display: inline
}

.c-article-history-item__authors li:after {
  content: ","
}

.c-article-history-item__authors li:last-child:after {
  content: ""
}

.c-article-history-item .c-article-history-item__dates {
  line-height: 1.8;
  margin: 0
}

.c-article-history-item .c-article-history-item__dates dd,
.c-article-history-item .c-article-history-item__dates dt {
  display: inline;
  margin: 0;
  padding: 0 .25em 0 0
}

.c-article-history-item .c-article-history-item__dates dt {
  font-weight: 700
}

.c-article-history-item__doi {
  margin: 16px 0
}

.c-article-history-item__changelog h3 {
  font-size: .875rem;
  font-family: "Merriweather Sans", "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;
  font-weight: 700;
  line-height: 1.7;
  margin-bottom: 0
}

.c-article-history-item__changelog p:first-of-type {
  margin-top: 0
}

.c-article-history-item a {
  font-size: 1.125rem;
  line-height: 1.5
}

.app-chat {
  line-height: 1.5;
  max-height: min(850px, 80vh);
  position: relative;
  display: flex;
  flex-direction: column
}

@media only screen and (max-width:1024px) {
  .app-chat {
    max-height: 100%
  }
}

.app-chat__header {
  margin-bottom: 8px
}

.app-chat-login-wall__header,
.app-chat__header {
  display: flex;
  justify-content: space-between;
  flex-wrap: wrap;
  gap: 8px;
  margin-top: 0;
  width: 100%;
  align-items: center
}

.app-article-metrics-bar p,
.app-chat__heading {
  margin: 0
}

.app-chat__sub-heading {
  text-align: right;
  font-size: 14px;
  font-weight: 700;
  display: flex;
  gap: 4px;
  align-items: center;
  min-width: -moz-fit-content;
  min-width: fit-content
}

.app-chat__icon-container {
  line-height: 1
}

.app-chat__icon,
.app-chat__icon--small {
  transform: translate(0, 0);
  display: inline-block;
  vertical-align: text-top;
  width: 24px;
  height: 24px;
  fill: #08c
}

.app-chat__icon--small {
  fill: currentColor;
  width: 16px;
  height: 16px
}

.app-chat__icon--current-color {
  fill: currentColor
}

.app-chat__description {
  font-size: 16px;
  padding-bottom: 16px;
  width: 100%
}

.app-chat__divider {
  width: 100%;
  position: -webkit-sticky;
  position: sticky;
  top: 0;
  border-bottom: 1px solid #c5e0f4;
  margin-bottom: 16px;
  z-index: 1
}

.app-chat__consent {
  font-size: 14px;
  color: #555;
  margin-bottom: 16px
}

.app-chat__predefined-prompts {
  display: flex;
  flex-direction: column;
  gap: 16px;
  align-items: flex-start;
  padding: 0 4px;
  margin-bottom: 16px
}

.app-chat__prompt-button {
  display: flex;
  flex: 0 0 auto;
  align-items: center;
  gap: 8px;
  border-radius: 12px;
  border: 1px solid #c5e0f4;
  background: #f0f7fc;
  text-decoration: none;
  padding: 8px 16px;
  color: #025e8d;
  font-size: 16px;
  line-height: 1.5;
  cursor: pointer;
  transition: background-color .2s ease;
  text-align: left
}

.app-chat__prompt-button:hover {
  text-decoration: underline
}

.app-chat__window {
  display: flex;
  overflow-y: auto;
  flex-direction: column;
  align-items: flex-start;
  flex: 1 1 auto;
  min-height: 280px
}

@media only screen and (max-width:1024px) {
  .app-chat__window {
    min-height: 0;
    flex: 0 0 auto;
    overflow-y: unset
  }
}

.app-chat__input-container {
  display: flex;
  flex-direction: column;
  width: 100%;
  border-top: 1px solid #c5e0f4
}

.app-chat .app-chat__label {
  padding-top: 24px;
  margin-bottom: 8px;
  font-weight: 700;
  line-height: 1.5;
  font-size: 16px
}

.app-chat__input-text {
  width: 100%;
  border: 1px solid #555;
  border-radius: 4px;
  padding: 8px;
  margin-bottom: 16px;
  font-size: 16px
}

.app-chat__submit-container {
  width: 142px;
  margin-bottom: 16px
}

.app-chat__disclaimer {
  font-size: 14px;
  color: #555
}

.app-chat__message {
  white-space: pre-line;
  padding: 6px 16px;
  overflow-wrap: anywhere
}

.app-chat__message--query {
  align-self: flex-end;
  background: #f3f3f3;
  border-radius: 12px 12px 2px 12px;
  margin-bottom: 16px
}

.app-chat__message--response {
  padding: 0;
  line-height: 1.8125
}

.app-chat__log {
  display: flex;
  flex-direction: column;
  width: 100%;
  gap: 8px;
  font-size: 16px
}

.app-chat__section {
  display: flex;
  flex-direction: column;
  margin-bottom: 16px
}

.app-chat__message--user {
  background: #f3f3f3;
  border-radius: 12px 12px 2px 12px
}

.app-chat__message--loading {
  align-self: flex-start;
  background: #f0f7fc;
  border-radius: 12px 12px 12px 2px;
  white-space: normal
}

.app-chat__loading {
  display: flex;
  align-items: center;
  gap: 8px;
  margin-bottom: 8px;
  margin-top: 8px
}

.app-chat__loading-message {
  font-size: 14px;
  color: #666
}

.app-chat__query {
  font-size: 16px;
  font-weight: 400;
  line-height: 1.5;
  margin: 0
}

.app-chat-login-wall__list-item span,
.eds-c-error-message {
  font-size: 16px
}

.app-chat__loading-icon {
  fill: currentColor;
  transform: translate(0, 0);
  display: inline-block;
  width: 1em;
  height: 1em;
  vertical-align: middle;
  color: #0070a8;
  line-height: 1
}

.app-chat__loading-icon--static {
  display: none
}

.app-chat__loading-icon--animated {
  display: inline
}

@media (prefers-reduced-motion:reduce) {
  .app-chat__loading-icon--static {
    display: inline
  }

  .app-chat__loading-icon--animated {
    display: none
  }
}

.app-chat__feedback-survey-link {
  display: flex;
  align-items: center;
  gap: 8px;
  margin-top: 16px;
  font-size: 14px;
  color: #222
}

.app-chat__feedback-survey-link:active,
.app-chat__feedback-survey-link:focus,
.app-chat__feedback-survey-link:hover,
.app-chat__feedback-survey-link:visited {
  color: #222
}

.app-chat-login-wall {
  display: flex;
  width: 100%;
  padding: 20px 16px 16px;
  flex-direction: column;
  align-items: flex-start;
  border-radius: 12px;
  background: #f0f7fc
}

.app-chat-login-wall__header {
  margin-bottom: 16px;
  padding-bottom: 16px;
  border-bottom: 1px solid #c5e0f4
}

.app-chat-login-wall__list {
  list-style: none;
  padding: 0;
  display: flex;
  flex-direction: column;
  align-items: flex-start;
  gap: 16px;
  margin: 0 0 24px;
  width: 100%
}

.app-chat-login-wall__list-item {
  display: flex;
  align-items: center;
  gap: 8px
}

.app-chat-login-wall__login-card {
  width: 100%;
  display: flex;
  gap: 16px;
  padding: 16px;
  justify-content: space-between;
  align-items: center;
  position: relative
}

.app-chat-login-wall__login-card-icon {
  border-radius: 50%;
  background: var(--blue-200, #F0F7FC);
  display: flex;
  padding: 12px;
  justify-content: center;
  align-items: center
}

.app-chat-login-wall__login-card-body {
  font-size: 14px;
  font-style: normal;
  font-weight: 400;
  line-height: 24px
}

.app-chat-login-wall__icon,
.app-chat-login-wall__login-card svg {
  transform: translate(0, 0);
  display: inline-block;
  vertical-align: text-top;
  width: 24px;
  height: 24px
}

.app-chat-login-wall__login-card svg {
  transform: none;
  fill: #025e8d
}

.app-chat-login-wall__icon {
  fill: transparent
}

.app-chat-login-wall__icon-circle {
  border-radius: 50%;
  height: 40px;
  width: 40px;
  background: #fff;
  display: flex;
  justify-content: center;
  align-items: center
}

.app-chat-login-wall__login-card {
  background: #fff;
  border-radius: 8px;
  border: 1px solid #c5e0f4
}

.app-feedback {
  margin-top: 8px;
  font-size: .875rem
}

.app-feedback .app-feedback__fieldset {
  display: block;
  visibility: visible;
  border: 0;
  margin: 0;
  padding: 0
}

.app-feedback .app-feedback__legend {
  display: inline-block;
  margin-top: 6px;
  margin-right: 4px;
  font-weight: 700
}

@media only screen and (min-width:480px) {
  .app-feedback .app-feedback__legend {
    float: left
  }
}

.app-feedback .app-feedback__controls {
  display: flex;
  line-height: 1rem
}

.app-feedback .app-feedback__icon-label {
  display: inline-flex;
  align-items: center;
  justify-content: center;
  cursor: pointer;
  position: relative
}

.app-feedback .app-feedback__icon-label:first-child {
  margin-right: 8px
}

.app-feedback .app-feedback__icon-label--thumbs-down {
  position: relative
}

.app-feedback .app-feedback__icon-label--thumbs-down::before {
  content: "";
  position: absolute;
  left: 50%;
  bottom: -24px;
  width: 16px;
  height: 16px;
  background-color: #f0f7fc;
  border-top: 1px solid #c5e0f4;
  border-left: 1px solid #c5e0f4;
  border-top-left-radius: 1px;
  transform: translate(-50%, 0) rotate(45deg);
  visibility: hidden;
  z-index: 0
}

.app-feedback .app-feedback__fieldset.js-is-expanded .app-feedback__icon-label--thumbs-down::before {
  visibility: visible;
  z-index: 1
}

.app-feedback .app-feedback__icon {
  transform: translate(0, 0);
  vertical-align: text-top;
  fill: none;
  color: #025e8d;
  display: inline-block;
  width: 36px;
  height: 36px;
  border-radius: 50%;
  border: 2px solid #025e8d;
  background-color: transparent
}

.app-feedback .app-feedback__control-input {
  border: 0;
  clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0);
  -webkit-clip-path: inset(50%);
  clip-path: inset(50%);
  overflow: hidden;
  padding: 0;
  position: absolute !important;
  white-space: nowrap;
  height: 36px;
  width: 36px
}

.app-feedback .app-feedback__control-input:focus+.app-feedback__icon,
.app-feedback .app-feedback__control-input:hover+.app-feedback__icon {
  background-color: #025e8d;
  color: #fff
}

.app-feedback .app-feedback__control-input:focus-visible+.app-feedback__icon {
  outline: 4px solid #08c
}

.app-feedback .app-feedback__control-input:checked+.app-feedback__icon {
  background-color: #01324b;
  color: #fff
}

.app-feedback .app-feedback__details {
  position: relative;
  border-radius: 12px;
  border: 1px solid #c5e0f4;
  background: #f0f7fc;
  padding: 16px;
  margin-top: 16px
}

.app-feedback .app-feedback__details-legend,
.app-feedback .eds-c-label {
  font-size: .875rem
}

.app-feedback .app-feedback__details-buttons {
  display: flex;
  gap: 16px;
  margin-top: 16px
}

.app-feedback .app-feedback__fieldset-error {
  margin-block: 8px
}

.app-feedback .app-feedback__detail-input-error {
  margin-top: 0;
  margin-bottom: 8px
}

.app-feedback .eds-c-error-message {
  font-size: .875rem;
  align-items: center
}

.app-feedback .app-feedback__message {
  display: flex;
  flex-direction: row;
  gap: 8px;
  padding-block: 8px
}

.app-feedback .app-feedback__message--success .eds-c-status-message__icon {
  color: #00a69d
}

.app-feedback .app-feedback__message-text {
  line-height: 1.8;
  font-size: .875rem;
  font-weight: 700
}

.app-article-masthead {
  display: flex;
  flex-direction: column;
  gap: 16px;
  padding: 16px 0 24px
}

.app-article-masthead__info {
  display: flex;
  flex-direction: column;
  flex-grow: 1
}

.app-article-masthead__brand {
  display: flex;
  flex-direction: column;
  gap: 8px;
  flex-basis: fit-content;
  flex-shrink: 0;
  border-top: 1px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, .8);
  padding: 16px 0 0;
  min-height: 96px
}

.app-article-masthead__brand img {
  position: absolute;
  left: 0;
  width: 72px;
  height: auto;
  border: 1px solid #fff;
  box-shadow: 0 4px 15px 0 rgba(128, 128, 128, .25);
  border-radius: 8px
}

.app-article-masthead__syndicated-card {
  border-top: 10px solid #c5e0f4;
  border-radius: 8px;
  background-color: #fff;
  padding: 16px
}

.app-article-masthead__syndicated-card-heading {
  color: #000;
  font-size: 1.125rem;
  font-size: min(max(1.125rem, 2vw), 1.25rem);
  margin: 0 0 16px
}

.app-article-masthead__syndicated-card-link {
  text-decoration: none
}

.app-article-masthead__syndicated-card-from,
.app-article-masthead__syndicated-card-journal {
  display: block
}

.app-article-masthead__syndicated-card-main {
  font-size: .875rem;
  font-weight: 700;
  display: flex;
  flex-direction: column;
  gap: 8px
}

.app-article-masthead__journal-link {
  max-width: 400px;
  position: relative;
  display: block;
  padding: 0 0 0 88px;
  margin: 0 0 8px;
  font-size: 1.125rem;
  font-size: min(max(1.125rem, 2vw), 1.25rem);
  font-weight: 700
}

.app-article-masthead__conference-link {
  margin: 0;
  gap: 0
}

.app-article-masthead__conference-info {
  padding: 8px 0 0 88px
}

.app-article-masthead__journal-title {
  display: -webkit-box;
  overflow: hidden;
  -webkit-box-orient: vertical;
  -webkit-line-clamp: 3
}

.app-article-masthead__submission-link {
  display: flex;
  align-items: center;
  gap: 4px;
  margin: 0 0 0 88px;
  font-size: 1rem;
  font-size: min(max(.875rem, 2vw), 1rem)
}

.app-article-masthead__access {
  display: flex;
  gap: 4px;
  align-items: center;
  margin: 0;
  font-size: .875rem;
  font-weight: 300;
  flex-wrap: wrap;
  line-height: 1.4
}

.app-article-masthead__buttons {
  display: flex;
  flex-direction: column;
  flex-wrap: wrap;
  gap: 16px
}

.app-article-masthead__access svg {
  fill: currentColor
}

.app-article-masthead__brand .app-article-masthead__syndicated-card-image {
  border: 0;
  border-radius: 0;
  box-shadow: none;
  position: static
}

.app-article-masthead__brand .app-article-masthead__syndicated-card-image--title {
  max-width: 368px;
  width: 100%
}

.app-article-masthead__brand .app-article-masthead__syndicated-card-image--cover {
  display: none;
  max-width: 400px;
  margin: 16px -16px 0
}

@media only screen and (min-width:768px) {
  .app-article-masthead__brand .app-article-masthead__syndicated-card-image--cover {
    display: block
  }
}

.app-article-masthead a,
.app-article-masthead a:visited {
  color: #fff
}

.app-article-masthead a.c-pdf-download__link {
  color: #000
}

.app-masthead--pastel .app-article-masthead .app-article-masthead__action-button,
.app-masthead--pastel .app-article-masthead .c-article-identifiers *,
.app-masthead--pastel .app-article-masthead .c-article-identifiers a:focus,
.app-masthead--pastel .app-article-masthead .c-article-identifiers a:hover,
.app-masthead--pastel .app-article-masthead a,
.app-masthead--pastel .app-article-masthead a:visited,
.app-masthead--pastel .app-article-masthead button,
.app-masthead--pastel .app-article-masthead button:focus,
.app-masthead--pastel .app-article-masthead button:hover {
  color: #000
}

.app-masthead--pastel .app-article-masthead .c-article-identifiers__item {
  border-left: 1px solid #000
}

.app-masthead--pastel .c-pdf-download a.u-button--primary,
.c-context-bar--sticky .c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download a.u-button--primary {
  border: 2px solid transparent;
  background-color: #025e8d;
  box-shadow: none;
  color: #fff;
  font-weight: 700
}

.app-masthead--pastel .c-pdf-download a.u-button--primary:focus,
.app-masthead--pastel .c-pdf-download a.u-button--primary:hover,
.c-context-bar--sticky .c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download a.u-button--primary:focus,
.c-context-bar--sticky .c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download a.u-button--primary:hover {
  background: 0 0;
  border: 2px solid #025e8d;
  box-shadow: none;
  color: #025e8d
}

.app-masthead--pastel .c-pdf-download a.u-button--secondary,
.c-context-bar--sticky .c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download a.u-button--secondary {
  border: 2px solid #025e8d;
  background: 0 0;
  color: #025e8d
}

.app-masthead--pastel .c-pdf-download a.u-button--secondary:focus,
.app-masthead--pastel .c-pdf-download a.u-button--secondary:hover,
.c-context-bar--sticky .c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download a.u-button--secondary:focus,
.c-context-bar--sticky .c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download a.u-button--secondary:hover {
  border: 2px solid transparent;
  background-color: #025e8d;
  color: #fff
}

.app-article-masthead__syndicated-card a,
.app-article-masthead__syndicated-card a:visited {
  color: #000
}

@media only screen and (min-width:768px) {
  .app-article-masthead {
    flex-direction: row;
    gap: 64px;
    padding: 24px 0
  }

  .app-article-masthead__brand {
    border: 0;
    padding: 0
  }

  .app-article-masthead__brand img {
    position: static;
    width: auto;
    height: auto
  }

  .app-article-masthead__buttons {
    margin-top: auto;
    align-items: normal
  }

  .app-article-masthead__journal-link {
    display: flex;
    flex-direction: column;
    gap: 24px;
    padding: 0;
    margin: 0 0 8px
  }

  .app-article-masthead__conference-link {
    margin: 0
  }

  .app-article-masthead__conference-info {
    padding: 8px 0 0
  }

  .app-article-masthead__submission-link {
    margin: 0
  }

  .app-article-masthead .c-pdf-container {
    flex-grow: 0
  }
}

@media only screen and (min-width:480px) {
  .app-article-masthead__brand .app-article-masthead__syndicated-card-image--title {
    width: auto
  }
}

@media only screen and (min-width:1024px) {
  .app-article-masthead__brand {
    flex-basis: 400px
  }
}

.app-article-masthead__buttons .c-pdf-container {
  justify-content: flex-start
}

.app-article-masthead .c-article-identifiers {
  line-height: 1;
  margin: 0 0 8px;
  padding: 0;
  font-size: .875rem;
  font-weight: 300;
  overflow: hidden
}

.app-article-masthead .c-article-identifiers--cite-list {
  margin: 0 0 16px
}

.app-article-masthead .c-article-identifiers *,
.app-article-masthead .c-article-identifiers a:focus,
.app-article-masthead .c-article-identifiers a:hover,
.app-article-masthead button,
.app-article-masthead button:focus,
.app-article-masthead button:hover {
  color: #fff
}

.app-article-masthead .c-cod {
  display: none
}

.app-article-masthead .c-article-identifiers__item {
  margin: 0 17px 8px -9px;
  padding: 0 0 0 8px;
  border-right: 0;
  border-left: 1px solid #fff
}

.app-article-masthead .c-article-identifiers__item--cite {
  border-left: 0
}

.app-article-masthead__brand--no-border img {
  border: 0
}

@media only screen and (max-width:767px) {
  .app-article-masthead-conference-info {
    padding: 0 0 0 88px
  }
}

.app-article-masthead__error-message,
.c-article-metrics__title a,
.c-article-metrics__title a.hover,
.c-article-metrics__title a.visited,
.c-article-metrics__title a:hover,
.c-article-metrics__title a:visited {
  color: #222
}

.app-article-metrics {
  display: flex;
  flex-direction: column;
  gap: 24px
}

@media only screen and (min-width:768px) {
  .app-article-metrics {
    flex-direction: row
  }
}

.app-article-metrics .app-article-metrics-container {
  flex: 1 0 calc(50% - 24px)
}

.app-article-metrics-container {
  border: 1px solid #c5e0f4;
  border-radius: 12px;
  display: flex;
  padding: 16px;
  font-size: .875rem
}

.app-article-metrics-box {
  display: flex;
  flex-direction: column;
  gap: 24px;
  height: 100%;
  width: 100%
}

.app-article-metrics-box__main {
  display: flex;
  flex-direction: column;
  flex: 1 1 75%
}

@media only screen and (max-width:767px) {
  .app-article-metrics-box__main {
    border-bottom: 1px solid #c5e0f4;
    padding-bottom: 16px
  }
}

.app-article-metrics-box__side {
  display: flex;
  flex-direction: column;
  flex: 1 0 25%;
  justify-content: space-evenly
}

@media only screen and (max-width:767px) {
  .app-article-metrics-box__side {
    flex-direction: row
  }
}

.app-article-metrics-box__side-top {
  justify-content: flex-start
}

@media only screen and (max-width:767px) {

  .app-article-metrics-box__side-column,
  .app-article-metrics-box__side-top {
    flex-direction: column
  }
}

.app-article-metrics-box__icon-container {
  display: flex;
  justify-content: center;
  align-items: center;
  width: 1.8em;
  height: 1.8em;
  background-color: #f0f7fc;
  border-radius: 50%
}

.app-article-metrics-box-icon {
  display: inline-block;
  width: 24px;
  height: 24px
}

.app-article-metrics-box-icon__metrics {
  fill: none
}

.app-article-metrics-box--wide__main {
  flex: 1 1 50%
}

.app-article-metrics-box--wide__side {
  flex: 1 0 50%
}

@media only screen and (max-width:767px) {
  .app-article-metrics-box--wide__side {
    flex-direction: column
  }
}

.app-article-metrics-stat {
  list-style: none;
  margin: 0;
  padding: 0;
  font-family: "Merriweather Sans", "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;
  font-size: 1.25rem;
  color: #000;
  display: flex;
  line-height: 1.5;
  gap: 12px
}

@media only screen and (max-width:767px) {
  .app-article-metrics-stat {
    display: none
  }
}

.app-article-metrics-stat__item {
  display: inline-block;
  font-weight: 700;
  text-align: center
}

.app-article-metrics-stat__item:not(:last-child) {
  border-right: 1px solid #999;
  padding-right: 8px
}

.app-article-metrics-stat__subitem {
  display: block;
  font-size: .875rem;
  font-weight: 400
}

.app-article-metrics-count {
  display: inline-block;
  font-weight: 700;
  text-align: center;
  font-size: 1.75rem;
  margin: 0
}

.app-article-metrics-count_text {
  display: block;
  font-size: .875rem;
  font-weight: 400;
  text-align: center
}

.c-article-metrics__altmetric-key {
  border-radius: 50%;
  display: block;
  float: left;
  height: 16px;
  margin: 4px 0 0;
  width: 16px
}

.c-article-metrics__altmetric-key>span {
  font-weight: 700
}

.c-article-metrics__altmetric-key--twitter {
  background-color: #2f90b9
}

.c-article-metrics__altmetric-key--blogs {
  background-color: #ffc200
}

.c-article-metrics__altmetric-key--facebook {
  background-color: #071d70
}

.c-article-metrics__altmetric-key--googleplus {
  background-color: #912470
}

.c-article-metrics__altmetric-key--news {
  background-color: #b60000
}

.c-article-metrics__altmetric-key--linkedin {
  background-color: #00bfff
}

.c-article-metrics__altmetric-key--reddit {
  background-color: #b9ddeb
}

.c-article-metrics__altmetric-key--f1000 {
  background-color: #cb2d2d
}

.c-article-metrics__altmetric-key--pinterest {
  background-color: #c30
}

.c-article-metrics__altmetric-key--qna {
  background-color: #efefef
}

.c-article-metrics__altmetric-key--video {
  background-color: #98c973
}

.c-article-metrics__altmetric-key--wikipedia {
  background-color: #c7c7c7
}

.c-article-metrics__altmetric-key--reviews {
  background-color: #d45bb0
}

.c-article-metrics__altmetric-key--citeulike {
  background-color: #bcd2ef
}

.c-article-metrics__altmetric-key--mendeley {
  background-color: #a60000
}

.c-article-metrics__altmetric-key--connotea {
  background-color: #ff4040
}

.c-article-metrics__altmetric-key+span {
  display: block;
  margin-left: 24px
}

.app-article-metrics-altmetric {
  display: flex;
  gap: 48px;
  align-items: center
}

@media only screen and (max-width:767px) {
  .app-article-metrics-altmetric {
    display: block
  }
}

.c-article-metrics__image {
  flex-shrink: 0
}

@media only screen and (max-width:767px) {
  .c-article-metrics__image {
    text-align: center;
    margin-bottom: 16px
  }
}

@media only screen and (min-width:876px) {
  .c-article-metrics__legend {
    flex-basis: 75%
  }
}

.c-article-metrics__legend ul {
  display: flex;
  flex-wrap: wrap;
  flex-direction: row;
  gap: 8px
}

@media only screen and (min-width:768px) {
  .c-article-metrics__legend ul {
    flex-direction: column
  }
}

@media only screen and (min-width:1024px) {
  .c-article-metrics__legend ul {
    flex-direction: row
  }
}

@media only screen and (max-width:479px) {
  .c-article-metrics__legend ul {
    flex-direction: column
  }
}

.c-article-metrics__legend li {
  flex: 1 0 calc(50% - 16px);
  margin-bottom: 8px
}

@media only screen and (max-width:767px) {
  .c-article-metrics__legend li {
    width: 100%;
    padding: 4px
  }
}

.c-article-metrics-heading {
  display: flex;
  gap: 12px;
  align-items: center;
  flex-wrap: wrap
}

.c-article-metrics__updated {
  font-size: 1rem
}

@media only screen and (min-width:768px) {
  .app-article-metrics-box {
    flex-direction: row
  }

  .app-article-metrics-box__main {
    border-right: 1px solid #c5e0f4;
    padding-right: 24px
  }
}

.app-article-metrics-bar {
  list-style: none;
  padding: 0;
  display: flex;
  flex-wrap: wrap;
  font-size: 1rem;
  margin: 16px 0 0;
  row-gap: 24px
}

.app-article-metrics-bar__item {
  padding: 0 16px 0 0
}

.app-article-metrics-bar__count {
  font-weight: 700
}

.app-article-metrics-bar__label {
  font-weight: 400;
  padding-left: 4px
}

.app-article-metrics-bar__icon {
  width: auto;
  height: auto;
  margin-right: 4px;
  margin-top: -4px
}

.app-article-metrics-bar__arrow-icon {
  margin: 4px 0 0 4px
}

.app-article-metrics-bar a,
.app-article-metrics-bar a:visited,
.app-cite-as a,
.app-cite-as a:visited {
  color: #000
}

.app-article-metrics-bar .app-article-metrics-bar__item--metrics {
  padding-right: 0
}

.app-article-metrics-bar .app-article-metrics-bar__icon {
  width: auto;
  height: auto
}

.app-cite-as {
  flex-basis: 100%;
  font-size: 1rem;
  margin-top: 0;
  margin-bottom: 16px
}

.c-card-metrics {
  padding: 16px 0;
  border-bottom: 1px solid #c5e0f4
}

ul li:last-child>.c-card-metrics {
  border-bottom: none
}

@media only screen and (min-width:480px) {
  .c-card-metrics {
    padding: 24px 0
  }
}

.c-card-metrics__main {
  word-break: break-word
}

.c-card-metrics__heading {
  margin-top: 0;
  margin-bottom: 16px;
  font-size: 1.125rem;
  font-size: min(max(1rem, 2vw), 1.125rem)
}

.c-card-metrics__heading a {
  line-height: 1.5;
  color: #000;
  font-family: "Merriweather Sans", "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif
}

.c-card-metrics__authors {
  display: block
}

.c-book-section,
.c-chapter-body .c-article-section {
  margin-bottom: 32px
}

@media only screen and (min-width:1024px) {

  .c-book-section,
  .c-chapter-body .c-article-section {
    margin-bottom: 64px
  }
}

.app-overview-section {
  margin: 0 0 64px;
  line-height: 1.5;
  font-size: 1rem
}

.app-overview-section__separator {
  padding: 24px 0 0;
  margin: 24px 0 0;
  border-top: 1px solid #c5e0f4
}

.app-overview-section__authors dt {
  font-weight: 700;
  float: left;
  margin-right: 8px
}

.app-overview-section .c-article-author-list,
.app-overview-section__authors {
  line-height: 2
}

.app-overview-section__authors>*,
.js .app-book-series-listing__list+.app-book__show-button {
  margin: 0
}

.app-overview-section__book-series+.app-overview-section__conf-series {
  margin-top: 24px
}

.app-book-overview-author-list {
  list-style: none;
  margin: 0;
  padding: 0
}

.app-book-series-listing {
  display: flex;
  gap: 8px
}

.app-book-series-listing__icon {
  fill: currentColor;
  width: 24px;
  height: 24px;
  vertical-align: text-bottom
}

.app-book-series-listing__description {
  font-weight: 700;
  margin-bottom: 8px
}

.app-book-series-listing__list {
  list-style: none;
  margin: 0;
  padding: 0
}

.app-book-series-listing__item {
  padding-bottom: 8px
}

.app-book-series-listing--sub-series {
  margin-top: 16px
}

.app-book-series-listing__icon--chapter {
  margin-right: 8px;
  vertical-align: text-bottom
}

.app-book-conference-proceedings {
  margin-top: 16px
}

.app-book-series-listing__icon--arrow {
  transform: rotate(90deg)
}

.c-book-show-more-less li {
  display: block;
  visibility: visible
}

.c-book-show-more-less li p {
  margin: 0;
  display: inline
}

.app-article-metrics-bar {
  margin-top: 16px
}

.c-book-section__title--book {
  margin: 0 0 24px
}

@media only screen and (max-width:1023px) {
  .c-book-section__title--book {
    margin: 0 0 16px
  }
}

.js .app-book__show-button {
  cursor: pointer;
  background-color: transparent;
  font-weight: inherit;
  color: #025e8d;
  text-decoration: underline;
  -webkit-text-decoration-skip: ink;
  text-decoration-skip-ink: auto;
  text-decoration-thickness: .0625rem;
  text-underline-offset: .25rem;
  font-size: .875rem;
  background: 0 0;
  border: 0;
  padding: 0;
  margin: 0 0 0 24px
}

.js .app-book__show-button.visited,
.js .app-book__show-button:visited {
  color: #01324b
}

.js .app-book__show-button.hover,
.js .app-book__show-button:hover {
  color: #01324b;
  text-decoration-thickness: .25rem;
  text-underline-offset: .25rem
}

.js .app-book__show-button.active,
.js .app-book__show-button:active {
  color: #025e8d
}

.js .app-book__show-button.focus,
.js .app-book__show-button:focus-visible {
  outline: 4px solid #08c
}

.js .app-book__show-button svg {
  fill: currentColor;
  vertical-align: text-bottom;
  margin-right: 8px
}

.js .c-list-bullets .app-book__show-button {
  margin-top: 8px
}

@media only screen and (min-width:1024px) {
  .js .app-book__show-button {
    font-size: 1rem
  }

  .js .app-book__show-button svg {
    width: 1.5rem;
    height: 1.5rem
  }
}

.js .app-book__show-button--open svg {
  transform: rotate(180deg)
}

.app-overview-section .app-article-metrics-bar {
  padding-top: 0;
  margin-top: 0
}

.c-article-main-column .c-buybox__container {
  display: none
}

@media only screen and (max-width:1023px) {
  .c-article-main-column .c-buybox__container {
    display: block
  }
}

.app-book-sections {
  border: 1px solid #c5e0f4;
  border-radius: 8px;
  font-size: 1rem;
  padding: 24px
}

.app-book-sections h2 {
  font-size: 1.125rem
}

.app-book-sections__list {
  line-height: 1.5
}

.app-book-sections__item:not(:last-child) {
  padding: 0 0 16px
}

.app-book-search {
  border-radius: 8px;
  background-color: #f0f7fc;
  padding: 24px;
  margin-bottom: 32px
}

.app-book-search__label {
  font-size: 1rem;
  font-weight: 700
}

.app-book-search__content {
  display: flex;
  flex-direction: column;
  gap: 24px
}

.app-book-search__input {
  flex: 1;
  font-size: 1rem;
  padding: 8px;
  width: 100%
}

@media only screen and (min-width:480px) {
  .app-book-search__content {
    flex-direction: row
  }
}

.c-pdf-chapter-download__link {
  font-size: 1rem;
  font-weight: 700;
  vertical-align: top
}

.c-pdf-chapter-download__link svg {
  fill: currentColor;
  margin-left: 4px;
  margin-top: 2px;
  vertical-align: text-top
}

@media only screen and (max-width:479px) {
  .c-pdf-chapter-download__link--hide-small-screen {
    display: none
  }
}

.c-book-toc li:first-child .app-card-open {
  padding-top: 0
}

.c-book-section__back-to-top {
  margin-top: 32px
}

.c-book-toc-pagination+.c-book-section__back-to-top {
  margin-top: 0
}

.app-card-open__heading img {
  border: 0;
  padding-right: 10px;
  aspect-ratio: auto
}

.app-card-open--has-download-link .app-card-open__heading {
  max-width: calc(100vw - 70px - 16px - 16px - 16px)
}

@media only screen and (min-width:480px) {
  .app-card-open--has-download-link .app-card-open__main {
    margin-right: 16px
  }

  .app-card-open--has-download-link .app-card-open__heading {
    max-width: initial
  }
}

.c-book-heading--underline {
  border-bottom: 1px solid #c5e0f4;
  margin-bottom: 24px;
  padding-bottom: 8px
}

.c-book-part-heading--underline {
  border-bottom: 2px solid #222;
  margin-bottom: 8px;
  padding-bottom: 8px
}

.app-article-masthead--book {
  display: grid;
  grid-template-columns: repeat(2, minmax(0, 1fr));
  grid-template-rows: auto;
  padding: 16px 0 24px;
  grid-template-areas: "breadcrumbs breadcrumbs" "journal-cover imprints-and-societies" "info info"
}

.app-article-masthead--book__breadcrumbs {
  -ms-grid-row: 1;
  -ms-grid-column: 1;
  -ms-grid-column-span: 2;
  grid-area: breadcrumbs
}

.app-article-masthead--book__imprints-and-societies {
  -ms-grid-row: 2;
  -ms-grid-column: 2;
  grid-area: imprints-and-societies;
  justify-self: flex-end
}

.app-article-masthead--book__title {
  margin: 0;
  line-height: 1.2;
  font-weight: 700;
  word-break: break-word
}

.app-article-masthead--book__title-link,
.app-article-masthead--book__title-link:active,
.app-article-masthead--book__title-link:focus,
.app-article-masthead--book__title-link:hover,
.app-article-masthead--book__title-link:visited {
  color: currentColor
}

.app-article-masthead--book__info {
  -ms-grid-row: 3;
  -ms-grid-column: 1;
  -ms-grid-column-span: 2;
  grid-area: info;
  display: flex;
  flex-direction: column;
  justify-content: space-between;
  font-size: 1rem
}

.app-article-masthead--book__info--book-title {
  margin: 0 0 16px
}

p.app-article-masthead--book__subtitle {
  font-size: 1.25rem;
  line-height: 1.2;
  margin-bottom: 16px
}

.app-article-masthead--book__journal-cover {
  -ms-grid-row: 2;
  -ms-grid-column: 1;
  grid-area: journal-cover
}

.app-article-masthead--book__journal-cover img {
  border-radius: 8px;
  width: 100%;
  height: auto;
  max-width: 90px
}

@media only screen and (min-width:480px) {
  .app-article-masthead--book {
    grid-template-columns: auto minmax(0, 1fr) auto;
    grid-template-areas: "breadcrumbs breadcrumbs imprints-and-societies" "journal-cover info info";
    padding: 24px 0 32px
  }

  .app-article-masthead--book__journal-cover img {
    max-width: 160px
  }

  .app-article-masthead--book__button--container {
    margin: auto 0 0;
    padding: 0
  }

  .app-article-masthead--book__info {
    padding-left: 24px;
    line-height: 1.8
  }

  .app-article-masthead--book__title {
    line-height: 1.2;
    font-size: 2.25rem
  }

  .app-article-masthead--book__breadcrumbs {
    -ms-grid-row: 1;
    -ms-grid-column: 1;
    -ms-grid-column-span: 2
  }

  .app-article-masthead--book__imprints-and-societies {
    -ms-grid-row: 1;
    -ms-grid-column: 3
  }

  .app-article-masthead--book__info {
    -ms-grid-row: 2;
    -ms-grid-column: 2;
    -ms-grid-column-span: 2
  }

  .app-article-masthead--book__journal-cover {
    -ms-grid-row: 2;
    -ms-grid-column: 1
  }
}

.c-book-other-volumes__list {
  padding-left: 32px
}

.c-book-other-volumes__item {
  padding: 0 0 16px 4px;
  position: relative
}

.c-book-other-volumes__item:last-child {
  padding-bottom: 0
}

.c-book-other-volumes__item--title {
  font-size: 1.125rem;
  line-height: 1.8;
  font-weight: 400;
  margin: 0
}

.c-book-other-volumes__item.u-js-show {
  display: list-item
}

.c-book-other-volumes__item--highlighted::before {
  content: "";
  position: absolute;
  top: 0;
  left: -32px;
  bottom: 0;
  width: 4px;
  background: #08c;
  border-radius: 4px
}

.c-book-other-volumes__item--highlighted .c-book-other-volumes__item--title {
  font-weight: 700
}

.c-bibliographic-information__list-item a,
.c-bibliographic-information__list-item a:visited,
.c-book-other-volumes__item a,
.c-book-other-volumes__item a:visited {
  color: #000
}

.app-societies__list {
  list-style: none;
  padding: 0;
  display: grid;
  grid-template-columns: 1fr;
  gap: 16px 0;
  margin: 24px 0 0
}

@media only screen and (min-width:768px) {
  .app-societies__list {
    grid-template-columns: repeat(2, 1fr);
    gap: 16px 16px
  }
}

.app-societies__list-item {
  display: grid;
  align-items: stretch
}

.app-societies__list-content {
  display: flex;
  flex-direction: column;
  align-items: center;
  gap: 16px;
  color: #222;
  padding: 24px;
  border: 1px solid #c5e0f4;
  border-radius: 8px;
  font-size: .875rem;
  line-height: 1.5
}

@media only screen and (min-width:768px) {
  .app-societies__list-content {
    flex-basis: calc(50% - 8px);
    flex-direction: row
  }
}

.app-societies__list-content:hover,
.app-societies__list-content:visited {
  color: #222
}

.app-societies__list-image {
  flex: 0 0 auto;
  display: flex;
  align-items: center;
  justify-content: center;
  width: 125px
}

.app-societies__list-image img {
  max-width: 125px;
  max-height: 72px;
  width: auto;
  height: auto
}

.app-societies__list-text {
  text-align: center
}

@media only screen and (min-width:768px) {
  .app-societies__list-text {
    text-align: left
  }
}

.app-societies__list-external-link-icon {
  width: 16px;
  height: 16px;
  margin-left: 4px;
  vertical-align: middle;
  fill: #222
}

.app-article-masthead--book {
  flex-direction: column;
  gap: 24px 16px
}

.app-article-masthead .c-article-identifiers__copyright {
  vertical-align: text-bottom
}

.c-article-body .c-article-access-provider__text--chapter {
  color: #222;
  font-family: "Merriweather Sans", "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;
  padding: 20px 0
}

.c-article-body .c-article-access-provider__text--chapter svg.c-status-message__icon {
  fill: #003f8d;
  vertical-align: middle
}

.c-article-body-section__content--separator {
  padding-top: 40px
}

.app-article-masthead--book .app-article-masthead__journal-link {
  padding: 0
}

.app-article-masthead--chapter .app-article-masthead__brand {
  min-height: 115px;
  flex-shrink: 1
}

@media only screen and (max-width:1023px) {
  .app-article-masthead--chapter .c-pdf-download .u-sticky-visually-hidden {
    border: 0;
    clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0);
    -webkit-clip-path: inset(50%);
    clip-path: inset(50%);
    height: 1px;
    overflow: hidden;
    padding: 0;
    position: absolute !important;
    white-space: nowrap;
    width: 1px
  }

  .app-article-masthead--chapter .c-pdf-download .c-pdf-download__text {
    text-transform: capitalize
  }
}

@media only screen and (min-width:1024px) {
  .app-article-masthead--chapter .app-article-masthead__brand {
    flex-shrink: 0
  }
}

.c-pdf-download__link {
  max-height: 44px
}

@media only screen and (max-width:767px) {

  .app-article-masthead--book__info .c-pdf-container,
  .app-article-masthead__info .c-pdf-container {
    flex-direction: column;
    gap: 12px
  }

  .app-article-masthead--book__info .c-pdf-container .c-pdf-download+.c-pdf-download,
  .app-article-masthead__info .c-pdf-container .c-pdf-download+.c-pdf-download {
    margin: 0
  }
}

.c-book-author-list--expanded .u-js-hide {
  visibility: visible;
  display: inline
}

.c-book-author-list--expanded .u-js-show-inline {
  display: none
}

.c-book-buy-box:not(:has(.price-info)) {
  display: none
}

.c-book-buy-box:has(.u-button) {
  display: block !important
}

.app-author-affiliation-list {
  list-style: none;
  margin: 0;
  padding: 0
}

.app-author-affiliation-list__item {
  font-size: 1.125rem;
  margin: 0 0 32px
}

.app-author-affiliation-list__title {
  font-size: 1.125rem;
  margin: 0;
  padding-bottom: 8px
}

.c-reading-companion__section-item a:visited {
  color: #025e8d
}

.app-article-masthead--book .app-article-masthead__journal-link {
  display: inline-block
}

@media only screen and (min-width:768px) {
  .app-article-masthead--book .app-article-masthead__journal-link {
    display: flex
  }
}

.c-expand-overlay--book {
  border-radius: 4px
}

.app-article-policy-section-external-link {
  font-family: "Merriweather Sans", "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;
  line-height: 1.8;
  color: #222;
  font-size: 1rem
}

.app-article-policy-section-external-link:visited {
  color: #222
}

.app-article-policy-section-external-link-icon {
  vertical-align: middle;
  margin-left: 4px
}

.app-article-access .u-button--primary,
.app-article-access .u-button--primary:visited {
  color: #fff
}

.js .app-download-all {
  display: flex;
  visibility: visible
}

.app-download-all,
.app-download-all.active,
.app-download-all.hover,
.app-download-all:active,
.app-download-all:hover {
  text-decoration: underline;
  -webkit-text-decoration-skip: ink;
  text-decoration-skip-ink: auto
}

.app-download-all {
  text-decoration-thickness: .0625rem;
  text-underline-offset: .25rem;
  word-break: normal;
  cursor: pointer;
  border: 0;
  background-color: transparent;
  font-weight: inherit;
  margin: 0;
  padding: 0;
  font-family: "Merriweather Sans", "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;
  align-items: center;
  gap: 4px;
  justify-content: center;
  font-size: 1rem;
  flex: 0 1 auto;
  line-height: 1.4;
  color: #025e8d;
  word-wrap: normal
}

.app-download-all.visited,
.app-download-all:visited {
  color: #01324b
}

.app-download-all.hover,
.app-download-all:hover {
  color: #01324b;
  text-decoration-thickness: .25rem;
  text-underline-offset: .25rem
}

.app-download-all.active,
.app-download-all:active,
.app-explore-related-subjects__items a:hover {
  color: #025e8d
}

.app-download-all.focus,
.app-download-all:focus-visible {
  outline: 4px solid #08c
}

@media only screen and (min-width:320px) {
  .app-download-all {
    justify-content: normal
  }
}

.app-download-all--sidebar {
  margin-left: 24px
}

.app-download-all--sticky-banner {
  padding: 0;
  flex: 0 1 0;
  text-align: left
}

@media only screen and (min-width:320px) {
  .app-download-all--sticky-banner {
    flex: 0 1 auto
  }
}

.app-download-all--above-title {
  justify-content: flex-start;
  margin-left: 24px
}

@media only screen and (min-width:540px) {
  .app-download-all--above-title {
    margin-left: 0
  }
}

.app-download-all--below-abstract {
  justify-content: flex-start;
  margin-left: 24px
}

@media only screen and (min-width:480px) {
  .app-download-all--below-abstract {
    margin-left: 0
  }
}

.app-download-all__icon {
  fill: currentColor;
  transform: translate(0, 0);
  display: inline-block;
  vertical-align: text-top;
  width: 16px;
  height: 16px;
  flex: 0 0 auto
}

.c-context-bar {
  position: relative;
  width: 100%;
  box-shadow: 0 0 10px 0 rgba(51, 51, 51, .2)
}

.c-context-bar--sticky {
  position: fixed;
  z-index: 1010;
  top: 0;
  left: 0;
  width: 100%;
  max-width: 100vw
}

@media only screen and (max-width:320px) {
  .c-context-bar--sticky {
    left: auto;
    right: 0
  }
}

.c-context-bar--sticky:after {
  background: #fff
}

@supports ((-webkit-backdrop-filter:blur(10px)) or (backdrop-filter:blur(10px))) {
  .c-context-bar--sticky:after {
    background: linear-gradient(to top, rgba(255, 255, 255, .75) 50%, #fff);
    -webkit-backdrop-filter: blur(10px);
    backdrop-filter: blur(10px)
  }
}

.c-context-bar--sticky:after {
  display: block;
  position: absolute;
  width: 100%;
  height: 100%;
  top: 0;
  left: 0;
  content: "";
  z-index: -1
}

@media only screen and (max-width:320px) {
  .c-context-bar--sticky:after {
    background-color: #fcfcfc;
    background-image: none;
    box-shadow: none
  }
}

.c-context-bar--no-button.c-context-bar--sticky {
  display: none
}

@media only screen and (min-width:480px) {
  .c-context-bar--no-button.c-context-bar--sticky {
    display: block
  }
}

.c-context-bar__container {
  margin: 0 auto;
  max-width: 1280px;
  padding: 0 16px
}

.c-context-bar--sticky .c-context-bar__container {
  padding: 16px
}

@media only screen and (min-width:480px) {
  .c-context-bar--sticky .c-context-bar__container {
    display: flex;
    align-items: center;
    justify-content: space-between;
    margin: 0 auto;
    min-height: 40px
  }
}

.c-context-bar__title {
  display: none
}

.c-context-bar--sticky .c-context-bar__title,
.c-context-bar--sticky .c-context-bar__title p {
  font-weight: 700;
  display: none;
  flex: 1
}

@media only screen and (min-width:480px) {

  .c-context-bar--sticky .c-context-bar__title,
  .c-context-bar--sticky .c-context-bar__title p {
    display: block;
    padding-right: 16px;
    overflow: hidden;
    white-space: nowrap;
    text-overflow: ellipsis
  }
}

.c-context-bar--sticky .c-context-bar__title p {
  margin-bottom: 0
}

.c-context-bar--sticky .c-context-bar__cta-container {
  display: flex;
  gap: 8px
}

@media only screen and (min-width:480px) {
  .c-context-bar--sticky .c-context-bar__cta-container {
    gap: 16px
  }
}

.c-context-bar--sticky .c-context-bar__container {
  display: flex;
  align-items: center;
  gap: 8px;
  justify-content: space-between
}

.c-context-bar--sticky .c-context-bar__container:has(:only-child),
.c-context-bar--sticky .c-context-bar__container:has(:only-child) .c-context-bar__cta-container,
.c-context-bar--sticky .c-context-bar__container:has(:only-child) .c-context-bar__cta-container>div {
  flex-grow: 1
}

@media only screen and (min-width:480px) {

  .c-context-bar--sticky .c-context-bar__container:has(:only-child),
  .c-context-bar--sticky .c-context-bar__container:has(:only-child) .c-context-bar__cta-container,
  .c-context-bar--sticky .c-context-bar__container:has(:only-child) .c-context-bar__cta-container>div {
    flex-grow: 0
  }
}

.c-context-bar--sticky .flash {
  display: none
}

.js .app-researcher-popup {
  padding: 16px 16px 32px
}

@media only screen and (min-width:480px) {
  .js .app-researcher-popup {
    padding: 24px 24px 32px
  }
}

.js .app-researcher-popup .c-popup__close {
  top: 16px;
  right: 8px
}

@media only screen and (min-width:480px) {
  .js .app-researcher-popup .c-popup__close {
    top: 22px;
    right: 16px
  }
}

.app-researcher-popup__author-title {
  align-items: center;
  display: flex;
  flex-wrap: wrap;
  grid-column-gap: 8px;
  margin-bottom: 8px;
  margin-right: 16px
}

.app-researcher-popup__footer-heading {
  font-family: "Merriweather Sans", "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;
  font-size: 16px;
  font-weight: 700;
  margin: 0
}

.app-researcher-popup__author-list {
  list-style: none;
  font-size: 16px;
  padding: 0;
  margin-top: 0;
  clear: both;
  margin-bottom: 16px
}

@media only screen and (min-width:1024px) {
  .app-researcher-popup__author-list {
    margin-bottom: 24px
  }
}

.app-researcher-popup__author-list>li {
  margin-bottom: 8px;
  font-size: 14px
}

@media only screen and (min-width:480px) {
  .app-researcher-popup__author-list>li {
    font-size: 16px
  }
}

.app-researcher-popup__link.hover,
.app-researcher-popup__link.visited,
.app-researcher-popup__link:hover,
.app-researcher-popup__link:visited {
  color: inherit
}

.app-researcher-popup__link {
  color: #222;
  display: flex;
  align-items: center;
  gap: 8px;
  font-size: 14px
}

@media only screen and (min-width:480px) {
  .app-researcher-popup__link {
    font-size: 16px
  }
}

.app-researcher-popup__label {
  margin: 0;
  font-size: 14px;
  font-weight: 700
}

.app-researcher-popup__subheading {
  margin: 4px 0 8px;
  font-weight: 700;
  font-size: 20px
}

.app-researcher-popup__contacts {
  display: flex;
  flex-wrap: wrap;
  gap: 16px 24px;
  padding: 16px 0;
  margin-bottom: 24px;
  border-top: 1px solid #c5e0f4;
  border-bottom: 1px solid #c5e0f4
}

.app-researcher-popup__contact-icon {
  fill: currentColor;
  transform: translate(0, 0);
  display: inline-block;
  vertical-align: text-top;
  width: 1.5rem;
  height: 1.5rem
}

.app-researcher-popup__contact-icon--orcid {
  background-color: #a6ce39;
  fill: #fff;
  border-radius: 50%
}

.c-article-authors-search__list {
  display: flex;
  gap: 16px;
  align-items: center;
  flex-wrap: wrap;
  justify-content: center
}

@media only screen and (min-width:480px) {
  .c-article-authors-search__list {
    justify-content: normal
  }
}

.c-article-authors-search__text {
  display: flex;
  align-items: center;
  flex-wrap: wrap;
  justify-content: center;
  font-size: 14px;
  flex-direction: column
}

@media only screen and (min-width:480px) {
  .c-article-authors-search__text {
    font-size: 16px;
    flex-direction: row
  }
}

.c-article-authors-search__links-text {
  font-weight: 700;
  margin-right: 8px;
  text-align: center
}

@media only screen and (min-width:480px) {
  .c-article-authors-search__links-text {
    text-align: left
  }
}

.c-article-authors-search__list-item--left {
  flex: 1 1 auto;
  flex-basis: 100%
}

@media only screen and (min-width:480px) {
  .c-article-authors-search__list-item--left {
    flex-basis: auto
  }
}

.c-article-authors-search__list-item--left .c-article-authors-search__cta-icon {
  fill: currentColor;
  transform: translate(0, 0);
  display: inline-block;
  width: 1em;
  height: 1em;
  vertical-align: middle
}

@media only screen and (min-width:480px) {
  .c-article-authors-search__list-item--left .c-article-authors-search__cta-icon {
    height: 1.5rem;
    width: 1.5rem
  }
}

.c-article-authors-search__list-item--right {
  flex: 1 1 auto
}

.c-article-identifiers {
  margin: 0
}

.c-article-identifiers__item {
  color: #222;
  border-right: 2px solid #c5e0f4;
  font-size: 14px
}

@media only screen and (min-width:480px) {
  .c-article-identifiers__item {
    font-size: 16px
  }
}

.c-article-identifiers__item:last-child {
  border-right: none
}

.c-article-authors-search__cta-link {
  font-size: 14px
}

@media only screen and (min-width:480px) {
  .c-article-authors-search__cta-link {
    font-size: 16px
  }
}

.app-researcher-popup__cta,
.app-saved-research__button-container>button {
  width: 100%
}

.app-sidebar-tabs {
  display: none;
  position: relative;
  height: 100%
}

.js .app-sidebar-tabs {
  display: block
}

.app-sidebar-tabs__panel {
  position: relative
}

.app-sidebar-tabs--sticky,
.app-sidebar-tabs__panel--sticky {
  position: -webkit-sticky;
  position: sticky;
  top: 90px;
  height: auto
}

.app-sidebar-tabs__list {
  display: none
}

@media only screen and (min-width:1024px) {
  .js .app-sidebar-tabs__list {
    list-style: none;
    display: flex;
    gap: 8px;
    background-color: #f0f7fc;
    border-radius: 16px;
    margin: 0 0 24px;
    padding: 4px
  }
}

.app-sidebar-tabs__tab {
  flex: 1 1 0
}

.app-sidebar-tabs__heading {
  display: block;
  margin-top: 0;
  margin-bottom: 16px;
  padding-bottom: 8px;
  border-bottom: 1px solid #c5e0f4
}

@media screen and (min-width:1024px) {
  .app-sidebar-tabs__heading {
    display: none
  }
}

.app-sidebar-tabs__link {
  padding: 8px;
  border-radius: 16px;
  text-decoration: none;
  display: flex;
  align-items: center;
  justify-content: center;
  gap: 8px;
  font-size: 1rem;
  background-color: transparent;
  white-space: nowrap;
  border: 1px solid transparent;
  width: 100%;
  color: #025e8d
}

.app-sidebar-tabs__link:hover {
  text-decoration: underline;
  -webkit-text-decoration-color: inherit;
  text-decoration-color: inherit;
  text-decoration-thickness: .25rem;
  text-underline-offset: .25rem
}

.active .app-sidebar-tabs__link {
  color: #222;
  text-shadow: .3px 0 0 currentColor, -.3px 0 0 currentColor;
  border: 1px solid #c5e0f4;
  background-color: #fff
}

.app-sidebar-tabs__icon {
  fill: currentColor;
  transform: translate(0, 0);
  display: inline-block;
  vertical-align: text-top;
  width: 24px;
  height: 24px;
  color: #025e8d
}

.active .app-sidebar-tabs__icon,
.app-sidebar-tabs__icon--light {
  color: #08c
}

.app-explore-related-subjects {
  border: 1px solid #c5e0f4;
  border-radius: 8px;
  padding: 24px;
  margin-bottom: 36px
}

@media only screen and (max-width:1023px) {
  .app-explore-related-subjects {
    border-radius: 0;
    border-top: 1px solid #c5e0f4;
    border-bottom: 1px solid #c5e0f4;
    border-left: none;
    border-right: none;
    margin: 0-16px 32px
  }
}

.app-explore-related-subjects__list,
.app-explore-related-subjects__title {
  font-family: "Merriweather Sans", "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif
}

.app-explore-related-subjects__title {
  font-size: 20px;
  font-weight: 700;
  margin: 0 0 8px
}

.app-explore-related-subjects__list {
  font-size: 1rem;
  list-style: none;
  display: flex;
  flex-wrap: wrap;
  padding: 0;
  margin: 0 0 24px;
  gap: 16px 8px
}

.c-article-body .app-explore-related-subjects__list--no-mb {
  margin-bottom: 0
}

.app-explore-related-subjects__items {
  background: #f0f7fc;
  padding: 8px 16px;
  border-radius: 4px;
  font-size: .875rem;
  font-weight: 700
}

.c-status-message {
  display: flex;
  align-items: center;
  font-family: "Merriweather Sans", "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;
  position: relative;
  width: 100%;
  box-sizing: border-box
}

.c-status-message :last-child {
  margin-bottom: 0
}

.c-status-message--boxed {
  background-color: #fff;
  border: 1px solid #eee;
  line-height: 1.5;
  padding: 16px
}

.c-status-message__heading {
  font-family: "Merriweather Sans", "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;
  font-size: 1rem;
  font-weight: 700
}

.c-status-message__icon {
  fill: currentColor;
  transform: translate(0, 0);
  display: inline-block;
  vertical-align: text-top;
  width: 1.5em;
  height: 1.5em;
  flex: 0 0 auto;
  margin-right: 8px
}

.c-status-message__icon--top {
  align-self: flex-start
}

.c-status-message--info .c-status-message__icon {
  color: #003f8d
}

.c-status-message--boxed.c-status-message--info {
  border-bottom: 4px solid #003f8d
}

.c-status-message--error .c-status-message__icon {
  color: #c40606
}

.c-status-message--boxed.c-status-message--error {
  border-bottom: 4px solid #c40606
}

.c-status-message--success .c-status-message__icon {
  color: #00b8b0
}

.c-status-message--boxed.c-status-message--success {
  border-bottom: 4px solid #00b8b0
}

.c-status-message--warning .c-status-message__icon {
  color: #edbc53
}

.c-status-message--boxed.c-status-message--warning {
  border-bottom: 4px solid #edbc53
}

.app-accessibility-info-banner {
  padding: 16px 0;
  background-color: #f0f7fc;
  border-top: 1px solid #dadada;
  border-bottom: 1px solid #dadada
}

.app-accessibility-info-banner__content {
  margin: 0 auto;
  max-width: 1280px;
  padding: 0 16px;
  display: flex;
  align-items: center;
  gap: 8px
}

.app-accessibility-info-banner__text {
  font-size: 1rem;
  margin: 0;
  line-height: 1.4
}

.app-accessibility-info-banner__icon {
  width: 24px;
  height: 24px
}

.app-accessibility-info-section {
  margin-bottom: 32px
}

@media only screen and (min-width:1024px) {
  .app-accessibility-info-section {
    margin-bottom: 64px
  }
}

.app-accessibility-info-section__content h3,
.app-accessibility-info-section__heading {
  font-family: "Merriweather Sans", "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;
  font-weight: 700
}

.app-accessibility-info-section__heading {
  font-size: 1.75rem;
  font-size: min(max(1.5rem, 3vw), 1.75rem);
  border-bottom: 1px solid #c5e0f4;
  padding-bottom: 8px;
  margin-bottom: 16px
}

.app-accessibility-info-section__content h3 {
  font-size: 1.5rem;
  margin-bottom: 8px
}

.app-accessibility-info-section__summary {
  margin: 0
}

.app-card-open {
  position: relative;
  border-bottom: 1px solid transparent;
  background-color: #fff;
  padding: 24px 0;
  border-top: 1px solid #c5e0f4
}

.app-card-open a:not(.app-card-open__link) {
  position: relative
}

.app-card-open--last {
  border-bottom: 1px solid #c5e0f4
}

.app-card-open__main {
  flex: 1 1 auto;
  overflow-wrap: break-word;
  align-self: baseline
}

.app-card-open__side {
  position: absolute;
  right: 0;
  top: 24px;
  overflow: hidden
}

.app-card-open--portrait-ratio .app-card-open__side {
  overflow: auto
}

.app-card-open img {
  border: 1px solid #cfd8dc;
  border-radius: 12px;
  width: 112px;
  aspect-ratio: 16/9
}

.app-card-open.app-card-open--portrait-ratio img {
  border-radius: 0;
  width: 45px;
  aspect-ratio: auto
}

.app-card-open__heading {
  margin-top: 0;
  margin-bottom: 16px;
  font-size: 1rem
}

.app-card-open__subheading::before {
  content: "";
  display: block;
  padding-top: 8px
}

.app-card-open__link::before {
  content: "";
  position: absolute;
  top: 0;
  left: 0;
  bottom: 0;
  right: 0
}

.app-card-open__heading a {
  line-height: 1.5;
  color: #000;
  font-family: "Merriweather Sans", "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif
}

.app-card-open__description {
  font-size: .875rem;
  line-height: 1.5;
  margin-bottom: 16px
}

@media only screen and (min-width:480px) {
  .app-card-open__description--larger {
    font-size: 1rem
  }
}

.app-card-open--has-image .app-card-open__heading {
  max-width: calc(100vw - 112px - 16px - 16px - 16px);
  min-height: 58px;
  padding-right: 8px
}

.app-card-open--has-image.app-card-open--portrait-ratio .app-card-open__description,
.app-card-open--has-image.app-card-open--portrait-ratio .app-card-open__heading {
  max-width: calc(100vw - 45px - 16px - 16px - 16px)
}

.app-card-open--has-image.app-card-open--portrait-ratio .app-card-open__heading {
  min-height: auto
}

.app-card-open--has-image.app-card-open--portrait-ratio .app-card-open__description {
  padding-right: 8px
}

.app-card-open__collections-list {
  margin-top: 8px
}

.app-card-open__meta {
  margin-top: 4px
}

.app-card-open__authors,
.app-card-open__journal {
  display: none;
  font-size: .875rem;
  line-height: 1.5
}

.app-card-open__authors a,
.app-card-open__journal a,
.app-masthead #MathJax_Zoom {
  color: #222
}

.app-card-open--compact.app-card-open {
  padding: 16px 0
}

.app-card-open--compact .app-card-open__main,
.app-card-open--full-width .app-card-open__main {
  margin-right: 0
}

.app-card-open--compact .app-card-open__heading {
  margin-bottom: 8px;
  font-size: 1rem
}

.app-card-open__text-container {
  font-size: 0
}

.app-card-open__metadata-list {
  display: flex;
  justify-content: flex-start;
  flex-wrap: wrap;
  margin: 0;
  flex-direction: column
}

@media only screen and (min-width:480px) {
  .app-card-open__metadata-list {
    flex-direction: row
  }
}

.app-card-open__metadata-list div {
  display: flex;
  border-top: 1px solid #c5e0f4;
  min-width: 124px;
  padding: 8px 0;
  justify-content: space-between
}

@media only screen and (min-width:480px) {
  .app-card-open__metadata-list div {
    justify-content: flex-start;
    flex-direction: column;
    padding: 0 16px;
    border-top: 0
  }

  .app-card-open__metadata-list div:first-child {
    padding-left: 0
  }

  .app-card-open__metadata-list div+div {
    border-left: 1px solid #c5e0f4
  }
}

.app-card-open__metadata-list-term {
  font-size: .875rem
}

.app-card-open__metadata-list-description {
  font-weight: 700;
  font-size: .875rem
}

@media only screen and (min-width:480px) {
  .app-card-open__metadata-list-description {
    font-size: 1rem
  }

  .app-card-open,
  .app-card-open__main {
    display: flex;
    justify-content: space-between
  }

  .app-card-open__main {
    flex-direction: column;
    margin-right: 192px
  }

  .app-card-open--has-image .app-card-open__main {
    margin-right: 16px
  }

  .app-card-open__side {
    position: initial;
    flex: 0 0 auto;
    overflow: hidden
  }

  .app-card-open img {
    width: 192px
  }

  .app-card-open--compact img {
    width: 112px
  }

  .app-card-open__heading {
    font-size: 1.125rem;
    padding-right: 0
  }

  .app-card-open--has-image .app-card-open__heading {
    max-width: initial;
    min-height: initial
  }

  .app-card-open.app-card-open--portrait-ratio img {
    width: auto
  }

  .app-card-open__description {
    padding-right: 0
  }

  .app-card-open__authors,
  .app-card-open__journal {
    display: inline
  }
}

.app-card-open--no-border {
  border: 0
}

.app-cobranding-banner {
  background-color: #fff;
  border-bottom: 2px solid #cedbe0;
  padding: 24px 0
}

@media only screen and (min-width:480px) {
  .app-cobranding-banner {
    padding: 36px 0
  }
}

@media only screen and (min-width:768px) {
  .app-cobranding-banner {
    min-height: 139px
  }
}

.app-cobranding-banner__container {
  margin: 0 auto;
  max-width: 1280px;
  padding: 0 16px;
  display: flex;
  justify-content: center;
  align-items: center
}

.app-generated-content {
  padding: 16px 16px 24px;
  background-color: #f0f7fc;
  font-family: "Merriweather Sans", "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;
  margin: 24px -16px 48px;
  border-top: 1px solid #c5e0f4;
  border-bottom: 1px solid #c5e0f4
}

@media only screen and (min-width:1024px) {
  .app-generated-content {
    border: 1px solid #c5e0f4;
    border-radius: 8px;
    margin: 32px 0 48px;
    padding: 24px 24px 32px
  }
}

.app-generated-content .app-generated-content__status {
  -ms-grid-row: 3;
  -ms-grid-column: 3;
  grid-area: author;
  font-size: 14px;
  display: flex;
  align-items: center;
  gap: 4px;
  line-height: 1;
  margin-bottom: 0
}

.app-generated-content .app-generated-content__header {
  display: grid;
  gap: 4px;
  align-items: baseline;
  justify-content: space-between;
  margin: 0 0 .5rem;
  grid-template-columns: auto auto;
  grid-template-areas: "title title" "ai    author";
  -moz-column-gap: 12px;
  column-gap: 12px
}

@media only screen and (min-width:480px) {
  .app-generated-content .app-generated-content__header {
    grid-template-columns: 1fr auto;
    grid-template-areas: "title ai" "author ."
  }

  .app-generated-content .app-generated-content__status {
    -ms-grid-row: 2;
    -ms-grid-column: 1
  }
}

.app-generated-content .app-generated-content__heading {
  -ms-grid-row: 1;
  -ms-grid-column: 1;
  -ms-grid-column-span: 3;
  grid-area: title;
  font-size: 1.5rem;
  font-weight: 700;
  margin: 0
}

.app-generated-content .app-generated-content__sub-heading {
  -ms-grid-row: 3;
  -ms-grid-column: 1;
  grid-area: ai;
  display: flex;
  align-items: center;
  font-size: 1rem;
  font-weight: 700;
  margin-bottom: 0
}

@media only screen and (min-width:480px) {
  .app-generated-content .app-generated-content__heading {
    -ms-grid-row: 1;
    -ms-grid-column: 1;
    -ms-grid-column-span: 1
  }

  .app-generated-content .app-generated-content__sub-heading {
    -ms-grid-row: 1;
    -ms-grid-column: 2
  }
}

.app-generated-content .app-generated-content__summary {
  line-height: 1.5rem;
  margin-bottom: 16px;
  font-size: 1rem
}

@media only screen and (min-width:1024px) {
  .app-generated-content .app-generated-content__summary {
    font-size: 1.125rem;
    line-height: 1.75rem
  }
}

.app-generated-content .app-generated-content__icon {
  transform: translate(0, 0);
  display: inline-block;
  vertical-align: text-top;
  width: 24px;
  height: 24px;
  fill: #08c;
  margin-left: 4px
}

.app-generated-content .app-generated-content__info {
  padding: 16px 4px 0;
  color: #666;
  font-size: .875rem;
  border-top: 1px solid #c5e0f4;
  margin-bottom: 4px
}

.app-generated-content .app-generated-content__feedback {
  display: flex;
  align-items: center;
  flex-wrap: wrap;
  font-size: .875rem;
  padding: 0 4px;
  gap: 4px 16px
}

.app-generated-content .app-generated-content__feedback-fieldset {
  display: block;
  visibility: visible;
  border: 0;
  margin: 0;
  padding: 0
}

.app-generated-content .app-generated-content__feedback-legend {
  display: inline-block;
  margin-top: 6px;
  margin-right: 4px
}

@media only screen and (min-width:480px) {
  .app-generated-content .app-generated-content__feedback-legend {
    float: left
  }
}

.app-generated-content .app-generated-content__feedback-controls {
  display: flex;
  line-height: 1rem
}

.app-generated-content .app-generated-content__feedback-control {
  margin-left: 8px
}

.app-generated-content .app-generated-content__feedback-icon-label {
  display: inline-flex;
  align-items: center;
  justify-content: center;
  cursor: pointer
}

.app-generated-content .app-generated-content__feedback-icon-label:first-child {
  margin-right: 8px
}

.app-generated-content .app-generated-content__feedback-icon {
  transform: translate(0, 0);
  vertical-align: text-top;
  fill: none;
  color: #025e8d;
  display: inline-block;
  width: 36px;
  height: 36px;
  border-radius: 50%;
  border: 2px solid #025e8d;
  background-color: transparent
}

.app-generated-content .app-generated-content__feedback-control-input {
  border: 0;
  clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0);
  -webkit-clip-path: inset(50%);
  clip-path: inset(50%);
  overflow: hidden;
  padding: 0;
  position: absolute !important;
  white-space: nowrap;
  height: 36px;
  width: 36px
}

.app-generated-content .app-generated-content__feedback-control-input:focus+.app-generated-content__feedback-icon,
.app-generated-content .app-generated-content__feedback-control-input:hover+.app-generated-content__feedback-icon {
  background-color: #025e8d;
  color: #fff
}

.app-generated-content .app-generated-content__feedback-control-input:focus-visible+.app-generated-content__feedback-icon {
  outline: 4px solid #08c
}

.app-generated-content .app-generated-content__feedback-control-input:checked+.app-generated-content__feedback-icon {
  background-color: #01324b;
  color: #fff
}

.app-generated-content .app-generated-content__author-approval-container {
  border-top: 1px solid #c5e0f4
}

.app-generated-content .app-generated-content__author-approval {
  font-size: 1rem;
  margin: 16px 0 24px
}

@media only screen and (min-width:1024px) {
  .app-generated-content .app-generated-content__author-approval {
    margin: 24px 0
  }
}

.app-generated-content .app-generated-content__author-thanks {
  border-top: 1px solid #c5e0f4;
  margin: 24px 0 0
}

@media only screen and (min-width:1024px) {
  .app-generated-content .app-generated-content__author-thanks {
    margin: 32px 0 0
  }
}

.app-generated-content .app-generated-content__author-approval-info {
  display: flex;
  align-items: flex-start;
  gap: 8px;
  margin-bottom: 0
}

.app-generated-content .app-generated-content__author-approval-info-message {
  margin: 0;
  font-size: .875rem
}

@media only screen and (min-width:1024px) {
  .app-generated-content .app-generated-content__author-approval-info-message {
    font-size: 1rem
  }
}

.app-generated-content .app-generated-content__author-approval-info-message--bold {
  font-weight: 700
}

.app-generated-content .app-generated-content__author-approval-info--spacer {
  padding: 24px 0
}

.app-generated-content .app-generated-content__author-approval-info svg {
  fill: currentColor;
  transform: translate(0, 0);
  display: inline-block;
  vertical-align: text-top;
  width: 24px;
  height: 24px;
  flex: 0 0 auto
}

.app-generated-content .app-generated-content__author-approval-info-icon--check {
  color: #00a69d
}

.app-generated-content .app-generated-content__author-approval-form {
  margin-top: 8px
}

@media only screen and (min-width:1024px) {
  .app-generated-content .app-generated-content__author-approval-form {
    margin-top: 16px
  }
}

.app-generated-content .app-generated-content__author-approval-button .app-generated-content__author-approval-icon {
  fill: none
}

.app-generated-content .app-generated-content__author-approval-button:hover .app-generated-content__author-approval-icon {
  fill: #fff;
  color: #025e8d
}

.app-generated-content .app-generated-content__survey-link,
.app-generated-content .app-generated-content__survey-link.hover,
.app-generated-content .app-generated-content__survey-link.visited,
.app-generated-content .app-generated-content__survey-link:hover,
.app-generated-content .app-generated-content__survey-link:visited {
  color: inherit
}

.app-generated-content .app-generated-content__survey-link {
  font-size: .875rem
}

.app-generated-content .app-generated-content__approval-survey {
  padding-top: 24px;
  border-top: 1px solid #c5e0f4
}

.app-generated-content .app-generated-content__feedback-links-list {
  list-style: none;
  margin: 0-8px;
  overflow: hidden;
  padding: 0 8px;
  display: flex;
  flex-wrap: wrap;
  gap: 4px 8px
}

.app-generated-content .app-generated-content__feedback-links-list>li {
  display: inline-block;
  margin-right: 37px
}

.app-generated-content .app-generated-content__feedback-links-list>li:last-child {
  margin-left: -37px
}

.app-generated-content .app-generated-content__feedback-links-list>li:last-child::before {
  content: "";
  margin: 0 16px -4px;
  border: 1px solid #c5e0f4;
  height: 16px;
  display: inline-block
}

.app-generated-content .app-generated-content__approval-survey-link {
  font-size: .875rem
}

@media only screen and (min-width:1024px) {
  .app-generated-content .app-generated-content__approval-survey-link {
    font-size: 1rem
  }

  .app-generated-content .app-generated-content__author-approval-label {
    flex-basis: 100%
  }
}

.app-masthead__colour-1 {
  --background-color: rgb(255, 21, 0)
}

.app-masthead__colour-2 {
  --background-color: rgb(255, 64, 0)
}

.app-masthead__colour-3 {
  --background-color: rgb(255, 106, 0)
}

.app-masthead__colour-4 {
  --background-color: rgb(255, 149, 0)
}

.app-masthead__colour-4,
.app-masthead__colour-5,
.app-masthead__colour-6 {
  --gradient-light: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.5);
  --gradient-dark: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.8)
}

.app-masthead__colour-5 {
  --background-color: rgb(255, 191, 0)
}

.app-masthead__colour-6 {
  --background-color: rgb(255, 234, 0)
}

.app-masthead__colour-7 {
  --background-color: rgb(234, 255, 0)
}

.app-masthead__colour-7,
.app-masthead__colour-8,
.app-masthead__colour-9 {
  --gradient-light: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.5);
  --gradient-dark: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.8)
}

.app-masthead__colour-8 {
  --background-color: rgb(191, 255, 0)
}

.app-masthead__colour-9 {
  --background-color: rgb(149, 255, 0)
}

.app-masthead__colour-10 {
  --background-color: rgb(106, 255, 0)
}

.app-masthead__colour-10,
.app-masthead__colour-11,
.app-masthead__colour-12 {
  --gradient-light: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.5);
  --gradient-dark: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.8)
}

.app-masthead__colour-11 {
  --background-color: rgb(43, 255, 0)
}

.app-masthead__colour-12 {
  --background-color: rgb(0, 255, 43)
}

.app-masthead__colour-13 {
  --background-color: rgb(0, 255, 106)
}

.app-masthead__colour-13,
.app-masthead__colour-14,
.app-masthead__colour-15 {
  --gradient-light: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.5);
  --gradient-dark: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.8)
}

.app-masthead__colour-14 {
  --background-color: rgb(0, 255, 149)
}

.app-masthead__colour-15 {
  --background-color: rgb(0, 255, 191)
}

.app-masthead__colour-16 {
  --background-color: rgb(0, 255, 234)
}

.app-masthead__colour-16,
.app-masthead__colour-17,
.app-masthead__colour-18 {
  --gradient-light: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.5);
  --gradient-dark: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.8)
}

.app-masthead__colour-17 {
  --background-color: rgb(0, 234, 255)
}

.app-masthead__colour-18 {
  --background-color: rgb(0, 191, 255)
}

.app-masthead__colour-19 {
  --background-color: rgb(0, 149, 255)
}

.app-masthead__colour-20 {
  --background-color: rgb(0, 106, 255)
}

.app-masthead__colour-21 {
  --background-color: rgb(0, 21, 255)
}

.app-masthead__colour-22 {
  --background-color: rgb(121, 77, 255)
}

.app-masthead__colour-23 {
  --background-color: rgb(151, 77, 255)
}

.app-masthead__colour-24 {
  --background-color: rgb(170, 51, 255)
}

.app-masthead__colour-25 {
  --background-color: rgb(198, 26, 255)
}

.app-masthead__colour-26 {
  --background-color: rgb(255, 0, 234)
}

.app-masthead__colour-27 {
  --background-color: rgb(255, 0, 191)
}

.app-masthead__colour-28 {
  --background-color: rgb(255, 0, 149)
}

.app-masthead__colour-29 {
  --background-color: rgb(255, 0, 106)
}

.app-masthead__colour-30 {
  --background-color: rgb(255, 0, 64)
}

.app-masthead__colour-31 {
  --background-color: rgb(255, 0, 21)
}

.app-masthead--pastel {
  --gradient-light: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.9);
  --gradient-dark: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.75);
  --masthead-color: #000
}

.app-masthead__colour-1--pastel {
  --background-color: rgb(255, 138, 128)
}

.app-masthead__colour-2--pastel {
  --background-color: rgb(255, 159, 128)
}

.app-masthead__colour-3--pastel {
  --background-color: rgb(255, 181, 128)
}

.app-masthead__colour-4--pastel {
  --background-color: rgb(255, 191, 102)
}

.app-masthead__colour-5--pastel {
  --background-color: rgb(255, 217, 102)
}

.app-masthead__colour-6--pastel {
  --background-color: rgb(255, 242, 102)
}

.app-masthead__colour-7--pastel {
  --background-color: rgb(242, 255, 102)
}

.app-masthead__colour-8--pastel {
  --background-color: rgb(223, 255, 128)
}

.app-masthead__colour-9--pastel {
  --background-color: rgb(202, 255, 128)
}

.app-masthead__colour-10--pastel {
  --background-color: rgb(181, 255, 128)
}

.app-masthead__colour-11--pastel {
  --background-color: rgb(170, 255, 153)
}

.app-masthead__colour-12--pastel {
  --background-color: rgb(153, 255, 170)
}

.app-masthead__colour-13--pastel {
  --background-color: rgb(153, 255, 195)
}

.app-masthead__colour-14--pastel {
  --background-color: rgb(153, 255, 204)
}

.app-masthead__colour-15--pastel {
  --background-color: rgb(153, 255, 229)
}

.app-masthead__colour-16--pastel {
  --background-color: rgb(153, 255, 246)
}

.app-masthead__colour-17--pastel {
  --background-color: rgb(153, 246, 255)
}

.app-masthead__colour-18--pastel {
  --background-color: rgb(153, 229, 255)
}

.app-masthead__colour-19--pastel {
  --background-color: rgb(153, 212, 255)
}

.app-masthead__colour-20--pastel {
  --background-color: rgb(153, 195, 255)
}

.app-masthead__colour-21--pastel {
  --background-color: rgb(178, 191, 255)
}

.app-masthead__colour-22--pastel {
  --background-color: rgb(178, 178, 255)
}

.app-masthead__colour-23--pastel {
  --background-color: rgb(198, 178, 255)
}

.app-masthead__colour-24--pastel {
  --background-color: rgb(210, 178, 255)
}

.app-masthead__colour-25--pastel {
  --background-color: rgb(223, 178, 255)
}

.app-masthead__colour-26--pastel {
  --background-color: rgb(236, 178, 255)
}

.app-masthead__colour-27--pastel {
  --background-color: rgb(255, 178, 249)
}

.app-masthead__colour-28--pastel {
  --background-color: rgb(255, 153, 229)
}

.app-masthead__colour-29--pastel {
  --background-color: rgb(255, 153, 212)
}

.app-masthead__colour-30--pastel {
  --background-color: rgb(255, 153, 195)
}

.app-masthead__colour-31--pastel {
  --background-color: rgb(255, 153, 161)
}

.app-masthead {
  position: relative;
  background: #0070a8;
  background: var(--background-color, #0070a8)
}

.app-masthead::after {
  content: "";
  position: absolute;
  left: 0;
  right: 0;
  top: 0;
  bottom: 0;
  background: radial-gradient(circle at top right, var(--gradient-light, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4)), var(--gradient-dark, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.7)))
}

.app-masthead--pastel .app-masthead {
  background: #6ac;
  background: var(--background-color, rgb(102, 170, 204))
}

.app-masthead.app-masthead--disable-journal-colour::after {
  background: unset
}

@media only screen and (max-width:479px) {
  .app-masthead::after {
    background: linear-gradient(225deg, var(--gradient-light, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4)), var(--gradient-dark, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.7)))
  }
}

.app-masthead__container {
  margin: 0 auto;
  max-width: 1280px;
  padding: 0 16px;
  position: relative;
  z-index: 4;
  color: var(--masthead-color, #fff)
}

.app-masthead-save-research {
  display: flex;
  gap: 16px;
  align-items: flex-start;
  flex-direction: column;
  text-wrap: balance
}

@media only screen and (min-width:480px) {
  .app-masthead-save-research {
    align-items: center;
    flex-direction: row;
    text-align: start
  }
}

.app-masthead__access-container {
  display: flex;
  gap: 16px 36px;
  flex-wrap: wrap;
  align-items: center;
  justify-content: center
}

@media only screen and (min-width:480px) {
  .app-masthead__access-container {
    justify-content: normal
  }
}

@media only screen and (min-width:1024px) {
  .app-masthead__access-container {
    flex-direction: row
  }
}

.app-masthead__access-container>* {
  flex: 1 0 100%
}

@media only screen and (min-width:480px) {
  .app-masthead__access-container>* {
    flex: 0 1 auto
  }
}

.app-masthead-save-research__hide-at-900px {
  display: block;
  visibility: visible
}

@media only screen and (min-width:900px) {
  .app-masthead-save-research__hide-at-900px {
    display: none;
    visibility: hidden
  }

  .app-masthead-save-research__hide-at-900px:first-child+* {
    -webkit-margin-before: 0;
    margin-block-start: 0
  }
}

.app-masthead-save-research__action-button {
  cursor: pointer;
  border: 0;
  background-color: transparent;
  font-weight: inherit;
  margin: 0;
  padding: 0;
  text-decoration: underline;
  -webkit-text-decoration-skip: ink;
  text-decoration-skip-ink: auto;
  text-decoration-thickness: .0625rem;
  text-underline-offset: .25rem;
  color: #fff;
  display: inline-block;
  font-size: clamp(.875rem, .625rem + 1.25vw, 1rem);
  line-height: 2;
  text-align: left
}

.app-masthead-save-research__action-button.visited,
.app-masthead-save-research__action-button:visited {
  color: #01324b
}

.app-masthead-save-research__action-button.hover,
.app-masthead-save-research__action-button:hover {
  color: #01324b;
  text-decoration-thickness: .25rem;
  text-underline-offset: .25rem
}

.app-masthead-save-research__action-button.active,
.app-masthead-save-research__action-button:active {
  color: #025e8d
}

.app-masthead-save-research__action-button.focus,
.app-masthead-save-research__action-button:focus-visible {
  outline: 4px solid #08c
}

.app-masthead-save-research__action-button:focus,
.app-masthead-save-research__action-button:hover {
  color: #fff
}

@media only screen and (min-width:1024px) {
  .app-masthead-save-research__action-button {
    text-align: center
  }
}

.app-masthead-save-research__action-link {
  display: inline-block;
  font-size: clamp(.875rem, .625rem + 1.25vw, 1rem);
  line-height: 2;
  color: #fff
}

.app-masthead-save-research__action-link:visited {
  color: #fff
}

.app-masthead-save-research__icon {
  fill: currentColor;
  transform: translate(0, 0);
  display: inline-block;
  width: 24px;
  height: 24px;
  flex: 0 0 auto;
  vertical-align: middle
}

.app-masthead-save-research__icon+* {
  margin-left: 4px
}

@media only screen and (min-width:480px) {
  .app-masthead-save-research__icon+* {
    margin-left: 8px
  }
}

*+.app-masthead-save-research__icon {
  margin-left: 4px
}

@media only screen and (min-width:480px) {
  *+.app-masthead-save-research__icon {
    margin-left: 8px
  }
}

.app-masthead-save-research__icon--small {
  fill: currentColor;
  transform: translate(0, 0);
  display: inline-block;
  width: 16px;
  height: 16px
}

.CtxtMenu_Info svg,
.MathJax_SVG svg,
.mathjax-tex svg {
  width: auto;
  height: auto;
  max-width: 100%
}

#MathJax_Zoom svg {
  max-width: none
}

.mathjax-tex .MathJax:focus-visible,
.mathjax-tex .MathJax_SVG:focus-visible {
  outline: 3px solid #08c;
  will-change: transform
}

body .CtxtMenu_InfoContent {
  max-width: 80vw
}

.app-nls-widget {
  border-top: 1px solid #c5e0f4;
  border-bottom: 1px solid #c5e0f4;
  margin: 0 0 24px;
  padding: 16px 16px 24px;
  font-family: "Merriweather Sans", "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif
}

.app-nls-widget--main {
  margin: 0-16px 24px
}

@media only screen and (min-width:1024px) {
  .app-nls-widget--main {
    display: none
  }
}

.app-nls-widget--aside {
  display: none;
  border-left: 1px solid #c5e0f4;
  border-right: 1px solid #c5e0f4;
  border-radius: 12px;
  padding: 16px
}

@media only screen and (min-width:1024px) {
  .app-nls-widget--aside {
    display: block
  }
}

.app-nls-widget__heading-icon {
  fill: currentColor;
  transform: translate(0, 0);
  display: inline-block;
  vertical-align: text-top;
  width: 24px;
  height: 24px;
  color: #08c
}

.app-nls-widget__heading {
  font-size: 1.125rem;
  font-weight: 700;
  line-height: 1.2;
  margin-top: 0
}

.app-nls-widget__description {
  font-size: 1rem;
  margin-bottom: 16px
}

.app-nls-widget__description>:last-child {
  margin-bottom: 0
}

.app-nls-widget .app-nls-widget__list {
  list-style: none;
  margin: 0;
  padding: 0;
  display: flex;
  flex-wrap: wrap;
  gap: 16px
}

.app-nls-widget__item {
  display: flex;
  flex-wrap: nowrap;
  align-items: normal;
  justify-content: space-between;
  flex: 1 1 16em;
  position: relative;
  border: 2px solid #c5e0f4;
  border-radius: 4px;
  padding: 8px 16px
}

.app-nls-widget-research-question-link::before,
.app-nls-widget__link::before {
  content: "";
  position: absolute;
  top: 0;
  left: 0;
  bottom: 0;
  right: 0
}

.app-nls-widget__link,
.app-nls-widget__link.hover,
.app-nls-widget__link.visited,
.app-nls-widget__link:hover,
.app-nls-widget__link:visited {
  color: inherit
}

.app-nls-widget__link {
  flex: 1 1 auto;
  font-size: .875rem;
  font-weight: 700;
  margin-right: 8px;
  text-decoration: none
}

.app-nls-widget__link:hover {
  text-decoration: underline
}

.app-nls-widget__icon-background {
  background-color: #f0f7fc;
  flex: 0 0 auto;
  border-radius: 50%;
  height: 48px;
  width: 48px;
  display: flex;
  align-items: center;
  justify-content: center
}

.app-nls-widget__icon {
  fill: currentColor;
  transform: translate(0, 0);
  display: inline-block;
  vertical-align: text-top;
  width: 1em;
  height: 1em;
  color: #08c;
  transform: none
}

.app-nls-widget-research-question {
  display: inline-flex;
  flex-wrap: nowrap;
  align-items: center;
  position: relative;
  margin-top: 16px;
  padding: 8px 16px;
  gap: 4px
}

.app-nls-widget-research-question-link,
.app-nls-widget-research-question-link.hover,
.app-nls-widget-research-question-link.visited,
.app-nls-widget-research-question-link:hover,
.app-nls-widget-research-question-link:visited {
  color: inherit
}

.app-nls-widget-research-question-link {
  font-size: .875rem
}

.app-nls-widget-research-question-icon {
  fill: currentColor;
  transform: translate(0, 0);
  display: inline-block;
  vertical-align: middle;
  width: 16px;
  height: 16px;
  transform: none
}

.app-access-wall {
  background-color: #f0f7fc;
  font-family: "Merriweather Sans", "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;
  padding: 16px;
  border: 1px solid #c5e0f4;
  border-radius: 16px;
  margin-bottom: 36px;
  font-size: 16px
}

.app-access-wall__container {
  margin: 0 auto;
  max-width: 520px;
  padding: 48px 16px
}

.app-access-wall__title {
  font-size: 28px;
  line-height: 36px;
  font-weight: 700;
  margin-top: 0;
  margin-bottom: 24px;
  text-align: center;
  text-wrap: pretty
}

.app-access-wall__box {
  font-size: 16px;
  text-align: center;
  margin-bottom: 32px;
  text-wrap: pretty
}

.app-access-wall__button-container {
  display: flex;
  justify-content: center
}

.app-access-wall__button-container:not(:last-child) {
  margin-bottom: 24px
}

.app-access-wall__button {
  width: 370px;
  display: flex;
  padding: 8px 16px;
  border: 2px solid transparent;
  color: #fff;
  background-color: #025e8d;
  text-decoration: none;
  justify-content: space-between;
  align-items: center;
  line-height: 1.3;
  border-radius: 72px
}

.app-access-wall__button:visited {
  color: #fff
}

.app-access-wall__button:hover {
  text-decoration: none;
  background-color: #fff;
  border: 2px solid #025e8d;
  color: #025e8d
}

.app-access-wall__button--google {
  background-color: #2f72e1
}

.app-access-wall__button--google img {
  padding: 4px
}

.app-access-wall__button--orcid {
  background-color: #447405
}

.app-access-wall__button--primary {
  color: #fff;
  justify-content: space-between
}

.app-access-wall__button--primary:visited {
  color: #fff
}

.app-access-wall__button--primary:hover,
.app-access-wall__button--secondary {
  background-color: #fff;
  color: #025e8d;
  border: 2px solid #025e8d
}

.app-access-wall__button--secondary:visited {
  color: #025e8d
}

.app-access-wall__button--secondary:hover {
  background-color: #025e8d;
  border: 2px solid #025e8d;
  box-shadow: none;
  color: #fff
}

.app-access-wall__icon {
  fill: currentColor;
  transform: translate(0, 0);
  display: inline-block;
  vertical-align: text-top;
  width: auto;
  height: auto;
  flex: 0 0 auto;
  margin-right: 8px
}

.app-access-wall__icon__signup {
  margin-top: 2px;
  margin-bottom: 2px
}

.app-access-wall__icon--method {
  background-color: #fff;
  width: 24px;
  height: 24px;
  border-radius: 180px
}

p.app-access-wall__option-separator {
  position: relative;
  max-width: 370px;
  margin: 32px auto;
  text-align: center;
  display: block
}

p.app-access-wall__option-separator::before {
  content: "";
  border-top: 1px solid #c5e0f4;
  display: block;
  position: absolute;
  width: 100%;
  top: 50%
}

.app-access-wall__option-separator-text {
  padding: 0 16px;
  background: #f0f7fc;
  z-index: 1;
  position: relative
}

.app-journal-saved-research-status-container {
  background-color: #f0f7fc;
  border-bottom: 1px solid #c5e0f4
}

.app-journal-saved-research-status-container .eds-c-status-message {
  background-color: inherit;
  border: 0;
  border-radius: 0;
  padding: 16px 0
}

.app-journal-saved-research-status-container .eds-c-status-message--success {
  border-bottom: none
}

.app-journal-saved-research-status-container .eds-c-status-message__dismiss-button {
  right: 0;
  padding: 0
}

.app-saved-research {
  padding: 24px 0 0
}

@media only screen and (min-width:1024px) {
  .app-saved-research {
    padding: 48px 0 0
  }
}

.app-saved-research__header {
  display: flex;
  gap: 24px;
  align-items: center
}

.app-saved-research__page-heading {
  margin: 0
}

.app-saved-research__icon-wrapper {
  width: 48px;
  height: 48px;
  border-radius: 50%;
  background-color: #f0f7fc;
  border: 1px solid #c5e0f4;
  display: flex;
  justify-content: center;
  align-items: center;
  color: #08c;
  flex: 0 0 auto
}

@media only screen and (min-width:1024px) {
  .app-saved-research__icon-wrapper {
    width: 64px;
    height: 64px
  }
}

.app-saved-research__icon {
  fill: currentColor;
  transform: translate(0, 0);
  display: inline-block;
  vertical-align: text-top;
  width: 24px;
  height: 24px
}

.app-saved-research__container {
  margin: 32px 0
}

@media only screen and (min-width:1024px) {
  .app-saved-research__container {
    margin: 64px 0
  }
}

.app-saved-research__status-message-container {
  margin-top: 24px;
  margin-bottom: 24px
}

@media only screen and (min-width:1024px) {
  .app-saved-research__status-message-container {
    margin-bottom: 32px
  }
}

.app-saved-research__search-link {
  margin-bottom: 32px
}

@media only screen and (min-width:1024px) {
  .app-saved-research__search-link {
    margin-bottom: 48px
  }
}

.app-saved-research__list {
  list-style: none;
  padding: 0;
  margin: 0 0 16px
}

@media only screen and (min-width:768px) {
  .app-saved-research__empty-state-image {
    height: 240px;
    width: 240px
  }
}

.app-saved-research__message-heading {
  margin-top: 0;
  margin-bottom: 16px
}

@media only screen and (min-width:1024px) {
  .app-saved-research__message-heading {
    font-size: 1.75rem
  }
}

.app-saved-research__info-text {
  margin-bottom: 24px
}

.app-saved-research__chevron-right {
  transform: translate(0, 0);
  display: inline-block;
  width: 16px;
  height: 16px;
  vertical-align: middle;
  fill: #025e8d
}

.app-saved-research__button-container {
  align-content: center;
  margin: 0 4px 16px
}

.app-saved-research__list-item {
  overflow: hidden;
  margin-left: -16px;
  padding-left: 16px
}

.app-saved-research__layout-sidebar {
  --eds-l-with-sidebar--basis: 230px;
  --eds-l-with-sidebar--min-width: 230px;
  align-self: stretch;
  align-content: center;
  border-top: 1px solid #c5e0f4;
  margin-top: -1px;
  padding-top: 16px
}

.js .app-journal-saved-research-sticky-container {
  position: -webkit-sticky;
  position: sticky;
  top: 0
}

.app-journal-saved-research-sticky-container {
  border-bottom: 1px solid #c5e0f4;
  position: relative;
  z-index: 1
}

.no-js .app-funding-institution .eds-c-status-message {
  width: 85%
}

.app-saved-research__no-saved-items-container {
  padding: 0
}

@media only screen and (max-width:767px) {
  .app-saved-research__no-saved-items-container {
    padding: 0 16px
  }
}

.app-card-open--has-image.app-card-open--portrait-ratio .app-card-open__heading {
  font-size: 1rem
}

@media only screen and (min-width:480px) {
  .app-card-open--has-image.app-card-open--portrait-ratio .app-card-open__heading {
    font-size: 1.125rem
  }
}

.c-spp-access-info {
  text-align: center;
  background: #eff6fb;
  padding: 16px 24px;
  margin: 0 0 16px
}

.c-spp-access-info h3,
.c-spp-access-info p {
  margin: 0 0 16px
}

.c-spp-access-info__units {
  display: flex;
  gap: 8px;
  align-items: center;
  justify-content: center;
  margin: 16px 0
}

.c-spp-access-info__units span {
  text-decoration: underline;
  cursor: pointer
}

.c-spp-access-info__units-description {
  text-align: left;
  border-left: 8px solid #d5d5d5;
  padding-left: 16px
}

.c-spp-access-info__units {
  list-style: none
}

.c-spp-access-info__units::-webkit-details-marker,
.c-spp-access-info__units::marker {
  display: none
}

.c-spp-access-info__button {
  color: #fff;
  background-color: #025e8d;
  background-image: none;
  border: 2px solid transparent;
  box-shadow: none;
  width: 100%;
  line-height: 1.5;
  padding: .5rem 1.5rem;
  transition: all .2s;
  border-radius: 32px;
  font-weight: 700
}

.c-spp-access-info__button:hover {
  background-color: #fff;
  color: #025e8d;
  border-color: #025e8d
}

.c-spp-access-message {
  font-weight: 700;
  padding: 16px;
  border-bottom: 2px solid #00a69d;
  display: flex;
  margin: 0
}

.c-spp-access-message .c-status-message__icon {
  margin-top: 8px;
  color: #00a69d
}

.u-clearfix::after,
.u-clearfix::before {
  content: "";
  display: table
}

.u-clear-both,
.u-clearfix::after {
  clear: both
}

.u-clear-left {
  clear: left
}

.u-clear-right {
  clear: right
}

.u-clear-float {
  float: none
}

.u-color-inherit {
  color: inherit
}

.u-container {
  margin: 0 auto;
  max-width: 1280px;
  padding: 0 16px
}

.u-display-block {
  display: block
}

.u-display-inline,
.u-list-comma-separated>li,
.u-list-inline>li {
  display: inline
}

.u-display-inline-block {
  display: inline-block
}

.u-display-flex {
  display: flex;
  width: 100%
}

.u-display-inline-flex {
  display: inline-flex
}

.u-display-grid {
  display: grid
}

.u-display-table {
  display: table
}

.u-flex-direction-row {
  flex-direction: row
}

.u-flex-direction-column {
  flex-direction: column
}

.u-flex-wrap {
  flex-wrap: wrap
}

.u-align-items-center {
  align-items: center
}

.u-align-items-baseline {
  align-items: baseline
}

.u-justify-content-space-between {
  justify-content: space-between
}

.u-justify-content-center {
  justify-content: center
}

.u-justify-content-left {
  justify-content: left
}

.u-flex-grow {
  flex: 1 0 auto
}

.u-flex-grow-shrink {
  flex: 1 1 auto
}

.u-flex-shrink {
  flex: 0 1 auto
}

.u-flex-static {
  flex: 0 0 auto
}

.u-align-self-center {
  align-self: center
}

.u-align-self-start {
  align-self: flex-start
}

.u-align-self-end {
  align-self: flex-end
}

.u-float-right {
  float: right
}

.u-float-left {
  float: left
}

.u-display-none {
  display: none
}

.js .u-js-hide,
.u-hide {
  display: none;
  visibility: hidden
}

.js .u-js-hide:first-child+*,
.u-hide:first-child+* {
  -webkit-margin-before: 0;
  margin-block-start: 0
}

.js .u-js-show,
.u-show {
  display: block;
  visibility: visible
}

.js .u-js-show-inline,
.u-show-inline {
  display: inline;
  visibility: visible
}

.js .u-js-visually-hidden,
.u-visually-hidden {
  border: 0;
  clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0);
  -webkit-clip-path: inset(50%);
  clip-path: inset(50%);
  height: 1px;
  overflow: hidden;
  padding: 0;
  position: absolute !important;
  white-space: nowrap;
  width: 1px
}

.js .u-js-visually-hidden--off,
.u-visually-hidden--off {
  border: 0;
  clip: initial;
  height: auto;
  margin: 0;
  overflow: auto;
  padding: 0;
  position: relative;
  width: auto
}

.u-invisible {
  visibility: hidden
}

.js .u-js-hide-text,
.u-hide-text {
  text-indent: 100%;
  white-space: nowrap;
  overflow: hidden;
  direction: ltr;
  vertical-align: bottom
}

.u-hide-overflow {
  overflow: hidden
}

.u-hide-sr-only:not(:focus):not(:active) {
  clip: rect(0 0 0 0);
  -webkit-clip-path: inset(50%);
  clip-path: inset(50%);
  height: 1px;
  overflow: hidden;
  position: absolute;
  white-space: nowrap;
  width: 1px
}

@media print {
  .u-hide-print {
    display: none
  }
}

@media only screen and (min-width:480px) {

  .js .u-js-hide-at-xs,
  .u-hide-at-xs {
    display: none;
    visibility: hidden
  }

  .js .u-js-hide-at-xs:first-child+*,
  .u-hide-at-xs:first-child+* {
    -webkit-margin-before: 0;
    margin-block-start: 0
  }

  .js .u-js-show-at-xs,
  .u-show-at-xs {
    display: block;
    visibility: visible
  }
}

@media only screen and (min-width:768px) {

  .js .u-js-hide-at-sm,
  .u-hide-at-sm {
    display: none;
    visibility: hidden
  }

  .js .u-js-hide-at-sm:first-child+*,
  .u-hide-at-sm:first-child+* {
    -webkit-margin-before: 0;
    margin-block-start: 0
  }

  .js .u-js-show-at-sm,
  .u-show-at-sm {
    display: block;
    visibility: visible
  }
}

@media only screen and (min-width:876px) {

  .js .u-js-hide-at-md,
  .u-hide-at-md {
    display: none;
    visibility: hidden
  }

  .js .u-js-hide-at-md:first-child+*,
  .u-hide-at-md:first-child+* {
    -webkit-margin-before: 0;
    margin-block-start: 0
  }

  .js .u-js-show-at-md,
  .u-show-at-md {
    display: block;
    visibility: visible
  }
}

@media only screen and (min-width:1024px) {

  .js .u-js-hide-at-lg,
  .u-hide-at-lg {
    display: none;
    visibility: hidden
  }

  .js .u-js-hide-at-lg:first-child+*,
  .u-hide-at-lg:first-child+* {
    -webkit-margin-before: 0;
    margin-block-start: 0
  }

  .js .u-js-show-at-lg,
  .u-show-at-lg {
    display: block;
    visibility: visible
  }
}

@media only screen and (min-width:1220px) {

  .js .u-js-hide-at-xl,
  .u-hide-at-xl {
    display: none;
    visibility: hidden
  }

  .js .u-js-hide-at-xl:first-child+*,
  .u-hide-at-xl:first-child+* {
    -webkit-margin-before: 0;
    margin-block-start: 0
  }

  .js .u-js-show-at-xl,
  .u-show-at-xl {
    display: block;
    visibility: visible
  }
}

.u-icon {
  fill: currentColor;
  transform: translate(0, 0);
  display: inline-block;
  vertical-align: text-top;
  width: 1em;
  height: 1em
}

.u-full-height {
  height: 100%
}

.u-vertical-align-baseline {
  vertical-align: baseline
}

.u-vertical-align-top {
  vertical-align: top
}

.u-vertical-align-bottom {
  vertical-align: bottom
}

.app-article-access .buybox__info svg,
.app-article-access__subscriptions svg,
.u-vertical-align-middle {
  vertical-align: middle
}

@media only screen and (min-width:1024px) {
  .u-layout-focus {
    width: 66.6667%;
    padding-right: var(--with-padding-right, 4rem)
  }
}

.u-layout-focus--max-width {
  max-width: 854px
}

.u-link {
  color: #025e8d;
  text-decoration: underline;
  -webkit-text-decoration-skip: ink;
  text-decoration-skip-ink: auto;
  text-decoration-thickness: .0625rem;
  text-underline-offset: .25rem
}

.u-link.visited,
.u-link:visited {
  color: #01324b
}

.u-link.hover,
.u-link:hover {
  color: #01324b;
  text-decoration-thickness: .25rem;
  text-underline-offset: .25rem
}

.c-article-main a[href*="#"]:visited,
.u-link.active,
.u-link:active {
  color: #025e8d
}

.u-link.focus,
.u-link:focus-visible {
  outline: 4px solid #08c
}

.u-link-inherit,
.u-link-inherit.hover,
.u-link-inherit.visited,
.u-link-inherit:hover,
.u-link-inherit:visited {
  color: inherit
}

.u-link-underline {
  text-decoration: underline
}

.u-link-faux-block::before {
  content: "";
  position: absolute;
  top: 0;
  left: 0;
  bottom: 0;
  right: 0
}

.u-link-wide-area {
  position: relative;
  display: inline-block
}

.u-link-wide-area:after {
  content: "";
  position: absolute;
  top: -.6rem;
  right: 0;
  bottom: -.6rem;
  left: 0;
  min-height: 44px
}

.u-link--contrast {
  color: #fff;
  text-decoration: underline;
  -webkit-text-decoration-skip: ink;
  text-decoration-skip-ink: auto;
  text-decoration-thickness: .0625rem;
  text-underline-offset: .25rem
}

.u-link--contrast.visited,
.u-link--contrast:visited {
  color: #fff
}

.u-link--contrast.hover,
.u-link--contrast:hover {
  color: #fff;
  text-decoration-thickness: .25rem;
  text-underline-offset: .25rem
}

.u-link--contrast.active,
.u-link--contrast:active {
  color: #fff
}

.u-link--contrast.focus,
.u-link--contrast:focus-visible {
  outline: 4px solid #08c
}

.u-list-style-number {
  list-style-type: decimal
}

.u-list-style-bullet {
  list-style-type: disc
}

.u-list-style-dash>::marker {
  content: "– ";
  font-size: 1.2em;
  line-height: 1
}

.u-list-style-none {
  list-style-type: none
}

.u-list-inline,
.u-list-reset {
  list-style: none;
  margin: 0;
  padding: 0
}

.u-custom-list-number {
  float: left;
  width: 3em;
  padding-right: .5em;
  margin-left: -3.5em;
  text-align: right
}

.u-list-comma-separated {
  list-style: none;
  margin: 0;
  padding: 0
}

.u-list-comma-separated>li:not(:first-child):not(:last-child)::before {
  content: ", "
}

.u-list-comma-separated>li:not(:only-child):last-child::before {
  content: " & "
}

.u-list-truncated>li:not(:only-child):last-child::before {
  content: " ... "
}

.u-overflow-hidden {
  overflow: hidden
}

.u-overflow-visible {
  overflow: visible
}

.u-position-absolute {
  position: absolute
}

.u-position-relative {
  position: relative
}

.u-position-top {
  top: 0
}

.u-position-left {
  left: 0
}

.u-position-bottom {
  bottom: 0
}

.u-position-right {
  right: 0
}

.u-position-negative-right {
  right: 100%
}

.u-ma-0 {
  margin: 0
}

.u-ma-4 {
  margin: 4px
}

.u-ma-8 {
  margin: 8px
}

.u-ma-16 {
  margin: 16px
}

.u-ma-24 {
  margin: 24px
}

.u-ma-32 {
  margin: 32px
}

.u-ma-48 {
  margin: 48px
}

.u-ma-64 {
  margin: 64px
}

.u-ma-auto {
  margin: auto
}

.u-mt-0 {
  margin-top: 0
}

.u-mt-4 {
  margin-top: 4px
}

.u-mt-8 {
  margin-top: 8px
}

.u-mt-16 {
  margin-top: 16px
}

.u-mt-24 {
  margin-top: 24px
}

.u-mt-32 {
  margin-top: 32px
}

.u-mt-48 {
  margin-top: 48px
}

.u-mt-64 {
  margin-top: 64px
}

.u-mt-auto {
  margin-top: auto
}

.u-mr-0 {
  margin-right: 0
}

.u-mr-4 {
  margin-right: 4px
}

.u-mr-8 {
  margin-right: 8px
}

.u-mr-16 {
  margin-right: 16px
}

.u-mr-24 {
  margin-right: 24px
}

.u-mr-32 {
  margin-right: 32px
}

.u-mr-48 {
  margin-right: 48px
}

.u-mr-64 {
  margin-right: 64px
}

.u-mr-auto {
  margin-right: auto
}

.c-article-body .app-article-access p,
.u-mb-0 {
  margin-bottom: 0
}

.u-mb-4 {
  margin-bottom: 4px
}

.u-mb-8 {
  margin-bottom: 8px
}

.c-article-body ol p,
.c-article-body ul p,
.u-mb-16 {
  margin-bottom: 16px
}

.u-mb-24 {
  margin-bottom: 24px
}

.u-mb-32 {
  margin-bottom: 32px
}

.u-mb-48 {
  margin-bottom: 48px
}

.u-mb-64 {
  margin-bottom: 64px
}

.u-mb-auto {
  margin-bottom: auto
}

.u-ml-0 {
  margin-left: 0
}

.u-ml-4 {
  margin-left: 4px
}

.u-ml-8 {
  margin-left: 8px
}

.u-ml-16 {
  margin-left: 16px
}

.u-ml-24 {
  margin-left: 24px
}

.u-ml-32 {
  margin-left: 32px
}

.u-ml-48 {
  margin-left: 48px
}

.u-ml-64 {
  margin-left: 64px
}

.u-ml-auto {
  margin-left: auto
}

.u-pa-0 {
  padding: 0
}

.u-pa-4 {
  padding: 4px
}

.u-pa-8 {
  padding: 8px
}

.u-pa-16 {
  padding: 16px
}

.u-pa-24 {
  padding: 24px
}

.u-pa-32 {
  padding: 32px
}

.u-pa-48 {
  padding: 48px
}

.u-pa-64 {
  padding: 64px
}

.u-pt-0 {
  padding-top: 0
}

.u-pt-4 {
  padding-top: 4px
}

.u-pt-8 {
  padding-top: 8px
}

.u-pt-16 {
  padding-top: 16px
}

.u-pt-24 {
  padding-top: 24px
}

.u-pt-32 {
  padding-top: 32px
}

.u-pt-48 {
  padding-top: 48px
}

.u-pt-64 {
  padding-top: 64px
}

.u-pr-0 {
  padding-right: 0
}

.u-pr-4 {
  padding-right: 4px
}

.u-pr-8 {
  padding-right: 8px
}

.u-pr-16 {
  padding-right: 16px
}

.u-pr-24 {
  padding-right: 24px
}

.u-pr-32 {
  padding-right: 32px
}

.u-pr-48 {
  padding-right: 48px
}

.u-pr-64 {
  padding-right: 64px
}

.u-pb-0 {
  padding-bottom: 0
}

.u-pb-4 {
  padding-bottom: 4px
}

.u-pb-8 {
  padding-bottom: 8px
}

.u-pb-16 {
  padding-bottom: 16px
}

.u-pb-24 {
  padding-bottom: 24px
}

.u-pb-32 {
  padding-bottom: 32px
}

.u-pb-48 {
  padding-bottom: 48px
}

.u-pb-64 {
  padding-bottom: 64px
}

.u-pl-0 {
  padding-left: 0
}

.u-pl-4 {
  padding-left: 4px
}

.u-pl-8 {
  padding-left: 8px
}

.u-pl-16 {
  padding-left: 16px
}

.u-pl-24 {
  padding-left: 24px
}

.u-pl-32 {
  padding-left: 32px
}

.u-pl-48 {
  padding-left: 48px
}

.u-pl-64 {
  padding-left: 64px
}

.u-keyline,
.u-keyline--thick {
  border-bottom: 1px solid #999;
  padding-bottom: 16px;
  margin-bottom: 16px
}

.u-keyline--thick {
  border-bottom: 2px solid #999
}

.u-shadow {
  border: 1px solid #000;
  box-shadow: 0 4px 12px 0 rgba(1, 50, 75, .1)
}

.u-monospace {
  font-family: monospace
}

.u-sans-serif {
  font-family: "Merriweather Sans", "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif
}

.u-serif {
  font-family: "Merriweather", serif
}

.u-small-caps {
  font-size: .8em;
  text-transform: uppercase
}

.u-text-right {
  text-align: right
}

.u-text-left {
  text-align: left
}

.u-text-center {
  text-align: center
}

.u-text-normal {
  font-weight: 400
}

.u-text-bold {
  font-weight: 700
}

.u-text-xxs {
  font-size: .75rem
}

.u-text-xs {
  font-size: .875rem
}

.u-text-s {
  font-size: 1rem
}

.u-text-default {
  font-size: 1.125rem
}

.u-text-md {
  font-size: 1.25rem
}

.u-text-l {
  font-size: 1.5rem
}

.u-text-xl {
  font-size: 1.75rem
}

.u-text-xxl {
  font-size: 2rem
}

.u-text-hl {
  font-size: 2.1875rem
}

.u-text-hxl {
  font-size: 2.25rem
}

.u-meta-large,
.u-meta-medium,
.u-meta-small {
  font-weight: 400;
  font-family: "Merriweather Sans", "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif
}

.u-meta-large {
  font-size: clamp(1.25rem, 4vw, 1.5rem)
}

.u-meta-medium,
.u-meta-small {
  font-size: 1.125rem
}

.u-meta-small {
  font-size: .875rem
}

.u-double-underline {
  text-decoration: underline;
  -webkit-text-decoration-skip: ink;
  text-decoration-skip-ink: auto;
  border-bottom: 1px solid
}

.u-text-font-smoothing,
h1,
h2,
h3,
h4,
h5 {
  -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;
  -moz-osx-font-smoothing: grayscale
}

.u-word-wrap {
  word-wrap: break-word;
  overflow-wrap: break-word;
  word-break: break-word
}

.u-upper {
  text-transform: uppercase
}

.u-lower {
  text-transform: lowercase
}

.u-capitalize {
  text-transform: capitalize
}

.u-underline {
  text-decoration: underline;
  -webkit-text-decoration-skip: ink;
  text-decoration-skip-ink: auto
}

.u-unstyled {
  font-weight: 400;
  font-style: normal
}

.u-h1 {
  font-size: 2.25rem;
  font-size: clamp(1.75rem, 4vw, 2.25rem);
  font-weight: 700;
  line-height: 1.2
}

.u-h2 {
  font-size: 1.75rem;
  font-size: clamp(1.5rem, 4vw, 1.75rem)
}

.u-h2,
.u-h3,
.u-h4,
.u-h5 {
  line-height: 1.2;
  font-weight: 700
}

.u-h3 {
  font-size: 1.5rem;
  font-size: clamp(1.25rem, 4vw, 1.5rem)
}

.u-h4,
.u-h5 {
  font-size: 1.25rem
}

.u-h5 {
  font-size: 1.125rem
}

.u-mbs-0 {
  -webkit-margin-before: 0 !important;
  margin-block-start: 0 !important
}

.u-line-height-base {
  line-height: 1.8
}

.u-line-height-md {
  line-height: 1.5
}

.u-line-height-tight {
  line-height: 1.4
}

.u-line-height-tighter {
  line-height: 1.2
}

button:focus:focus-visible {
  outline: 3px solid #08c;
  will-change: transform
}

input:not([disabled]):focus:focus-visible {
  outline: 3px solid #08c;
  will-change: transform
}

:not(button, a[href], .c-ad iframe, textarea):focus {
  outline: 0
}

[tabindex="0"]:focus-visible:focus-visible {
  outline: 3px solid #08c;
  will-change: transform
}

@supports not selector(:focus-visible) {
  [tabindex="0"]:focus:focus-visible {
    outline: 3px solid #08c;
    will-change: transform
  }
}

.c-article-sidebar {
  display: none
}

@media only screen and (min-width:1024px) {
  .c-article-sidebar {
    display: block
  }
}

.c-article-buy-box--article,
.c-article-main .c-article-cod-access,
.c-article-main-column .c-article-cod-access {
  display: block
}

@media only screen and (min-width:1024px) {

  .c-article-buy-box--article,
  .c-article-main .c-article-cod-access,
  .c-article-main-column .c-article-cod-access {
    display: none
  }
}

.c-cod__form {
  border-radius: 12px
}

.c-cod__label {
  font-size: .875rem
}

.c-cod .c-status-message {
  align-items: center;
  margin-bottom: 16px;
  padding-bottom: 16px;
  justify-content: center
}

@media only screen and (min-width:1024px) {
  .c-cod .c-status-message {
    align-items: inherit
  }
}

.c-cod .c-status-message__icon {
  margin-top: 4px
}

.c-cod .c-cod__prompt {
  font-size: 1rem;
  margin-bottom: 16px
}

.c-external-link__icon {
  fill: #025e8d;
  vertical-align: middle
}

.c-article-body .app-article-access,
.c-book-body .app-article-access {
  display: block
}

@media only screen and (min-width:1024px) {

  .c-article-body .app-article-access,
  .c-book-body .app-article-access {
    display: none
  }
}

.app-article-access .buybox__buy .u-button--secondary,
.app-article-access .u-button--primary,
.c-cod__row .u-button--primary {
  background-color: #025e8d;
  border: 2px solid #025e8d;
  box-shadow: none;
  line-height: 1.5;
  justify-content: center;
  gap: 8px;
  font-size: 1rem;
  font-weight: 700;
  padding: 8px 24px
}

.app-article-access .buybox__buy .u-button--secondary {
  background-color: #fff;
  color: #025e8d
}

.app-article-access .u-button--primary:hover,
.c-cod__row .u-button--primary:hover {
  background-color: #fff;
  color: #025e8d
}

.app-article-access .buybox__buy .u-button--secondary:hover {
  background-color: #025e8d;
  color: #fff
}

.buybox__buy .c-notes__text {
  color: #666;
  font-size: .875rem;
  padding: 0 16px 8px
}

.c-cod__input {
  flex-basis: auto;
  width: 100%
}

.c-article-title {
  font-family: "Merriweather Sans", "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;
  font-weight: 700;
  font-size: 2.25rem;
  font-size: min(max(1.5rem, 4vw), 2.25rem);
  line-height: 1.2;
  margin: 12px 0
}

.c-article-title--long {
  font-size: 1.75rem;
  font-size: min(max(1.5rem, 3vw), 1.75rem)
}

.c-article-title__super {
  color: #fff;
  line-height: 1.4;
  margin: 16px 0-16px
}

.c-article-section__figure figure,
.c-article-table figure,
.c-article-title__sub,
.c-reading-companion__figure-item figure {
  margin: 0
}

.c-article-title__sub:last-of-type {
  margin-bottom: 24px
}

@media only screen and (min-width:768px) {
  .c-article-title {
    margin: 16px 0
  }
}

.c-article-section__title {
  font-family: "Merriweather Sans", "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;
  font-size: 1.75rem;
  font-size: min(max(1.5rem, 3vw), 1.75rem);
  font-weight: 700;
  border-bottom: 1px solid #c5e0f4;
  padding-bottom: 8px;
  margin-bottom: 16px
}

.app-article-access {
  border-radius: 12px;
  border: 1px solid #c5e0f4;
  margin: 0 0 32px
}

.app-article-access__heading {
  border-bottom: 1px solid #c5e0f4;
  font-family: "Merriweather Sans", "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;
  font-size: 1.125rem;
  text-align: center;
  font-weight: 700;
  padding: 16px;
  margin: 0
}

.app-article-access__subscriptions {
  border-top: 1px solid #c5e0f4;
  padding: 16px
}

.app-article-access__heading--top-border {
  border-top: 1px solid #c5e0f4;
  border-bottom: none
}

.app-article-access .app-article-access__subscriptions,
.app-article-access .buybox__info {
  font-size: 1rem;
  font-family: "Merriweather Sans", "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;
  margin: 0
}

@media only screen and (min-width:1024px) {
  .app-article-access {
    margin: 0 0 24px
  }
}

.app-checklist-banner {
  border-radius: 12px;
  border: 1px solid #c5e0f4;
  margin: -16px 0 48px
}

.app-checklist-banner__title {
  margin: 0 0 8px
}

@media only screen and (min-width:1024px) {
  .app-checklist-banner {
    margin: 0 0 24px
  }
}

.c-article__sub-heading {
  font-size: 1.5rem;
  font-size: min(max(1.25rem, 3vw), 1.5rem);
  font-weight: 700
}

.c-article__sub-heading--small {
  font-size: 1.25rem;
  font-size: min(max(1.125rem, 2vw), 1.25rem);
  font-weight: 700
}

.c-status-message {
  font-size: 1rem;
  font-size: min(max(.875rem, 2vw), 1rem)
}

.c-article-section {
  line-height: 1.8;
  margin-bottom: 48px
}

.c-article-body {
  font-size: 1.125rem;
  font-size: min(max(1rem, 2vw), 1.125rem)
}

.c-article-body dl,
.c-article-body ol,
.c-article-body p,
.c-article-body ul {
  margin-top: 0;
  margin-bottom: 32px
}

.c-article-access-provider,
.c-notes {
  padding: 16px;
  margin-bottom: 32px
}

.c-notes__text {
  color: inherit;
  font-family: "Merriweather Sans", "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif
}

.c-article-access-provider__text:last-of-type,
.c-article-body .c-notes__text:last-of-type {
  margin-bottom: 0
}

.c-article-section__figure,
.c-article-table {
  padding: 24px 16px;
  margin: 0-16px 48px;
  border: 0;
  border-top: 1px solid #c5e0f4;
  border-bottom: 1px solid #c5e0f4;
  max-width: 100vw
}

.c-article-box {
  border: 0;
  background: #ebf1f5;
  margin: 0 0 48px -16px;
  width: 100vw
}

.c-article-box__fade {
  background: radial-gradient(ellipse at bottom center, #fff, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0))
}

.c-article-box__container {
  padding: 32px 16px 12px
}

.c-article-box__container-title,
.c-article-box__controls button {
  font-family: "Merriweather Sans", "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif
}

.c-article-box__container-title {
  font-size: 1.25rem;
  margin: 0 0 24px
}

.c-article-box__controls button {
  background: #ebf1f5;
  border-top: 1px solid #c5e0f4;
  padding: 16px;
  font-size: 1rem;
  color: #222
}

.c-article-box__button-text::after {
  background-image: url(data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg%20id%3D%22i-chevron-more%22%20viewBox%3D%220%200%2010%2010%22%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A//www.w3.org/2000/svg%22%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22m5.58578644%206-3.29289322-3.29289322c-.39052429-.39052429-.39052429-1.02368927%200-1.41421356s1.02368927-.39052429%201.41421356%200l4%204c.39052429.39052429.39052429%201.02368927%200%201.41421356l-4%204.00000002c-.39052429.3905243-1.02368927.3905243-1.41421356%200s-.39052429-1.02368929%200-1.41421358z%22%20fill%3D%22currentColor%22%20fill-rule%3D%22evenodd%22%20transform%3D%22matrix%280%201%20-1%200%2011%201%29%22/%3E%3C/svg%3E)
}

@media only screen and (min-width:1024px) {

  .c-article-section__figure,
  .c-article-table {
    padding: 24px;
    border: 1px solid #c5e0f4
  }

  .c-article-box,
  .c-article-section__figure,
  .c-article-table {
    width: auto;
    margin: 0 0 48px;
    border-radius: 12px
  }

  .c-article-box__container {
    padding: 32px 24px 12px
  }

  .c-article-box__controls button {
    border-radius: 0 0 12px 12px
  }
}

.c-article-section__figure-caption,
.c-article-table__figcaption {
  font-family: "Merriweather Sans", "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif
}

.c-reading-companion__figure-item {
  border-top-color: #c5e0f4
}

.c-reading-companion__sticky {
  max-width: 400px
}

.c-article-section .c-article-section__figure-description>* {
  font-size: 1rem;
  font-size: min(max(.875rem, 2vw), 1rem);
  margin-bottom: 16px
}

.c-reading-companion__reference-item {
  border-top: 1px solid #d5d5d5;
  padding: 16px 0
}

.c-reading-companion__reference-item:first-child {
  padding-top: 0
}

.c-article-share-box__button,
.c-article__pill-button,
.js .c-article-authors-search__item .c-article-button {
  background: 0 0;
  color: #025e8d;
  line-height: 1.5;
  transition: all .2s;
  border-radius: 32px;
  border: 2px solid #025e8d;
  font-size: 1rem;
  font-weight: 700;
  box-shadow: none;
  padding: 8px 24px;
  margin: 0
}

.c-article-authors-search__item .c-article-button:visited,
.c-article-share-box__button:visited,
.c-article__pill-button:visited {
  color: #025e8d
}

.c-article-authors-search__item .c-article-button:hover,
.c-article-share-box__button:hover,
.c-article__pill-button:hover {
  background-color: #025e8d;
  color: #fff;
  border: 2px solid #025e8d;
  box-shadow: none;
  text-decoration: none
}

.c-article-authors-search__item .c-article-button {
  width: 100%
}

.c-pdf-download {
  max-height: none;
  margin-bottom: 0
}

.c-pdf-download .c-pdf-download__link {
  border: 2px solid #fff;
  justify-content: center;
  align-items: center;
  background-color: #fff;
  color: #01324b;
  border-radius: 32px;
  font-family: "Merriweather Sans", "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;
  cursor: pointer;
  text-decoration: none;
  font-size: 1rem;
  font-weight: 700;
  box-shadow: none;
  line-height: 1.5;
  padding: 8px 16px
}

.c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download .c-pdf-download__link {
  background-color: #025e8d;
  border: 2px solid #025e8d;
  background-image: none;
  color: #fff;
  font-size: 1rem;
  font-weight: 700;
  box-shadow: none;
  line-height: 1.5;
  padding: 8px 16px
}

@media only screen and (min-width:768px) {

  .c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download .c-pdf-download__link,
  .c-pdf-download .c-pdf-download__link {
    padding: 8px 24px
  }
}

.c-pdf-download .c-pdf-download__link:hover {
  background: 0 0;
  border: 2px solid #fff;
  color: #fff;
  box-shadow: none
}

.c-pdf-download .c-pdf-download__link:focus {
  background: 0 0;
  color: #fff;
  box-shadow: none
}

.c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download .c-pdf-download__link:hover {
  border: 2px solid #025e8d;
  box-shadow: none;
  color: #025e8d
}

.c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download .c-pdf-download__link:focus:focus-visible,
.c-pdf-download .c-pdf-download__link:focus:focus-visible {
  outline: 3px solid #08c;
  will-change: transform
}

.c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download .c-pdf-download__link:focus,
.c-pdf-download .c-pdf-download__link:focus {
  border: 2px solid #025e8d
}

.c-article-share-box__button:focus:focus-visible,
.c-article__pill-button:focus:focus-visible {
  outline: 3px solid #08c;
  will-change: transform
}

.c-article-share-box__button:focus,
.c-article__pill-button:focus {
  border: 2px solid currentColor
}

.c-pdf-download__link .u-icon {
  padding-top: 0
}

.c-bibliographic-information__column .c-bibliographic-information__list-item p,
.c-bibliographic-information__list-item--doi {
  margin-bottom: 0
}

.c-article-references p,
.c-bibliographic-information__column button,
.c-bibliographic-information__column p,
.c-bibliographic-information__list-item--chapter-doi {
  margin-bottom: 16px
}

.c-bibliographic-information,
.c-bibliographic-information h4,
.c-card__title-recommendation .c-card__link {
  font-family: "Merriweather Sans", "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif
}

.c-bibliographic-information h4 {
  margin: 0
}

.c-bibliographic-information__multi-value {
  display: block;
  font-size: 1rem;
  margin-bottom: 0
}

.c-bibliographic-information__column--border {
  border-color: #c5e0f4
}

.c-bibliographic-information__download-citation-list {
  list-style: none;
  margin: 0 0 16px;
  padding: 0
}

.c-bibliographic-information__download-citation-item {
  display: inline-block;
  font-size: 1rem;
  margin-right: 8px
}

.c-bibliographic-information__download-citation-item svg {
  margin: 1px 8px 0 0
}

.c-article-references__item {
  border: 0
}

.c-article-body .c-article-author-affiliation__list p,
.c-article-body .c-article-author-information__list p,
figure {
  margin: 0
}

.c-article-metrics-bar__wrapper {
  margin: 16px 0
}

.c-blockquote {
  border-color: #3c9cd7
}

#recommendations,
.c-recommendations-visibility {
  background: #eff6fb
}

.c-recommendations-visibility .c-recommendations-list:after {
  background: linear-gradient(transparent 85%, #eff6fb)
}

.c-reading-companion__tab {
  color: #025e8d;
  background-color: #eee
}

.c-reading-companion__tab--active {
  color: #222;
  background: #fff
}

.c-article-share-box__button {
  margin-right: 16px
}

.c-status-message--boxed {
  border-radius: 12px
}

.c-article-associated-content__container .c-article-associated-content__title {
  border-bottom: 0;
  margin-bottom: 0
}

.c-article-associated-content__collection-title {
  font-size: 1rem
}

.c-article-satellite-subtitle {
  font-family: "Merriweather Sans", "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;
  font-size: 1.75rem;
  font-size: min(max(1.5rem, 3vw), 1.75rem);
  line-height: 1.2;
  font-weight: 700;
  -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;
  -moz-osx-font-smoothing: grayscale;
  margin-bottom: 24px
}

.app-article-access__subscriptions a,
.app-article-access__subscriptions a:visited,
.app-book-series-listing__item a,
.app-book-series-listing__item a:hover,
.app-book-series-listing__item a:visited,
.c-article-author-list a,
.c-article-author-list a:visited,
.c-article-buy-box a,
.c-article-buy-box a:visited,
.c-article-peer-review a,
.c-article-peer-review a:visited,
.c-article-satellite-subtitle a,
.c-article-satellite-subtitle a:visited,
.c-breadcrumbs__link,
.c-breadcrumbs__link:hover,
.c-breadcrumbs__link:visited {
  color: #000
}

.c-article-author-list svg {
  margin: 0 0 0 6px;
  width: 24px;
  height: 24px
}

.c-article-further-reading__title {
  font-size: 1.125rem;
  font-size: min(max(1rem, 2vw), 1.125rem);
  font-weight: 700
}

.app-pdf-preview {
  display: none
}

.app-pdf-preview__frame {
  width: 100%;
  height: 600px;
  border: 0;
  border-radius: 12px
}

@media only screen and (min-width:480px) {
  .app-pdf-preview {
    display: block
  }

  .app-pdf-preview+.c-article-access-provider {
    display: none
  }
}

@media only screen and (min-width:768px) {
  .app-card-service__link-icon {
    fill: currentColor
  }
}

.c-article-header {
  margin-bottom: 32px
}

@media only screen and (min-width:1024px) {
  .c-article-recommendations {
    border-radius: 8px
  }
}

.c-recommendations-list-arrow__previous svg {
  transform: scaleX(-1) translate(0)
}

.c-recommendations-list-arrow__next svg {
  transform: translate(0)
}

.c-article-recommendations-card img,
.c-card__image img {
  border: 1px solid #cfd8dc;
  border-radius: 8px
}

.c-article-fullwidth-content__caption {
  margin-top: 16px
}

.app-peer-review {
  margin: 0 0 36px;
  border: 1px solid #c5e0f4;
  border-left: 10px solid #3c9cd7;
  border-radius: 8px;
  padding: 16px;
  line-height: normal
}

.app-peer-review__link {
  font-family: "Merriweather Sans", "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;
  font-size: 1rem;
  font-weight: 700;
  color: #025e8d
}

.app-peer-review__link:hover,
.app-peer-review__link:visited {
  color: #025e8d
}

.app-peer-review__icon {
  margin-right: 4px;
  height: 24px;
  width: 24px
}

.c-article-peer-review-external-icon {
  margin-left: 4px;
  vertical-align: middle
}

@media only screen and (min-width:876px) {
  .js .c-ad--conditional {
    display: block
  }
}

.u-lazy-ad-wrapper {
  min-height: 149px;
  display: none;
  background-color: #fff
}

@media only screen and (min-width:876px) {
  .u-lazy-ad-wrapper {
    display: block
  }
}

p.c-ad__label {
  margin-bottom: 4px
}

.c-ad--728x90,
.c-ad--970x90 {
  background-color: #fff;
  border-bottom: 2px solid #cedbe0
}

.c-ad--300x250 {
  background-color: #fff
}

.c-reading-companion .c-ad {
  text-align: left
}

.c-ad iframe:focus {
  outline: 4px solid #08c
}

.c-download-pdf-icon-large {
  width: 24px;
  height: 24px;
  vertical-align: middle;
  fill: #025e8d
}

.c-article-history,
.c-article-history-item::before {
  border-color: #0070a8
}

.c-article-history a {
  color: #222
}

.c-article-history-item--current::before {
  background: #0070a8
}

.c-cover-image-lightbox {
  opacity: 0;
  visibility: hidden;
  position: fixed;
  left: 0;
  right: 0;
  top: 0;
  bottom: 0;
  z-index: -1;
  display: flex;
  align-items: center;
  justify-content: center;
  transition: all .15s ease-in
}

.js-cover-image-lightbox--show {
  background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, .85);
  opacity: 1;
  visibility: visible;
  z-index: 1000
}

.js-cover-image-lightbox--close {
  position: absolute;
  background: 0 0;
  border: 0;
  color: #fff;
  cursor: pointer;
  font-size: 1.75rem;
  top: 4px;
  right: 3px;
  line-height: 0;
  padding: 0
}

.c-cover-image-lightbox__close-icon {
  width: 32px;
  height: 32px;
  fill: #fff
}

.c-cover-image-container {
  position: relative
}

.c-cover-image-default {
  color: #000;
  font-size: .875rem;
  position: absolute;
  bottom: 5px;
  left: 10px;
  margin: 0
}

.c-cover-image-lightbox__image {
  max-height: 90vh;
  width: auto
}

.c-expand-overlay-wrapper {
  position: relative
}

.c-expand-overlay {
  background: #fff;
  color: #333;
  opacity: .5;
  padding: 2px;
  position: absolute;
  top: 3px;
  right: 3px
}

.c-cover-expanded-txt {
  font-size: .875rem;
  margin-top: 8px
}

@media screen and (max-width:1023px) {
  .app-force-direction-column-narrow {
    flex-direction: column;
    gap: 4px
  }

  .app-force-basis-auto-narrow {
    flex-basis: auto;
    min-width: auto
  }
}

/*# sourceMappingURL=enhanced-darwin-article.css.map */